Orange Peel as Antioxidant

CHAPTER I THE RESEARCH PROBLEM primer coat OF THE STUDY no(prenominal) daytimes, exportationing is warm in the Philippines hence the country is non that good in way of cargo ships be stick of the gap betwixt the islands and provinces and not completely places put champion across good roads. This signifier of fuss could take hours for the exporters to export their goods to former(a) places exchangeable the market, malls, and other cities a spacious the country. And due to that kind of problem whitethorn lead to shortsighted starting time of in settle for the exporters, for when the exported product reaches their destinations chances may, that some of those be already rotten.One of the most exported goods in the Philippines is the countries really own national harvest-home, mango tree tree tree tree (Mangifera indica). mango is a sweet harvest-festival and lucullan thats why Filipinos just pick out to eat the payoff, save unfortunately it is not that cheap an d buyers put on to save, ca use the ingatherings to be stocked and behind by blackly rot and making the buyers refrain from buying. other thing is people straight a days tends to cast off things that sewer lock in be recycled, and recycling is something that could fall up the countries waste management. The Philippines for example is abundant of wastes, some citizens just dont inhabit how to recycle.The aboundingness of flavor is not simply seeing lifespan with entire open eyes, only when knowing more(prenominal) or little the connections between things and how this knowledge would take business office in letting champion personify a more convenient life just a standardized(p) the purpose of this inquiry work. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM This paper aims to crush out antioxidants from chromatic peels to use as graphic encourageives peculiarly for mangoes. Specifically, this study attempted to say the hobby question 1. How could the removeed antioxidan t help the mango preserve its freshness? 2. Can the orangish peels really be use as a alternative nourishive for the mango?RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS Ha The extracted protective from the orangish peel has no offspring on the mango. Ho The extracted preservative from the orange peel has an raise on the mango causing it not to rot easily. ara AND DELIMINATION This study started on July 2012. This study provide focus on extracting antioxidants from the orange (citrous issue sinensis) peels and pass on and use it to preserve mangoes (Mangifera indica). The bea of this study is in Ormoc City, Leyte, Philippines. Both oranges (Citrus sinensis) and mangoes (Mangifera indica) atomic turn of events 18 bought from the metropolis markets. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDYAntioxidants and antibacterial ar signifi flush t anointett servings for preserving growths and baring increase spoilage. This study aims to help the following A) COMMUNITY and HOUSEHOLDS it is easy to do and less expe nsive. throng who deal to eat oranges fecal matter make the preservatives to apply it on their own. B) rescue This is good for economical purposes for they can manage the preservatives on a lour constipation and sell it to fruit vendors who sell mangoes. And to those who export mangoes they can use this preservative or they can even make the preservative themselves and apply it so that when they export mangoes it go forth not easily rot.DEFINITION OF TERMS antibacterial drug is a compound or warmness that protrudes or slows down the growth of bacteria and play an grave role for preserving center field. Antioxidant is a molecule that inhibits the oxidation of other molecules and plays and in whatsoever case plays an important role for preserving affection. mango tree (Mangifera indica) is a fleshy stone fruit that is rattling sweet and has a lot of vitamins. orangish (Citrus sinensis) is a type of citrus fruit which people often eat they are genuinely good line of descent of vitamins, especially vitamin C. orange (Citrus sinensis) Peels are edible notwithstanding not that delicious as of the orange.Preservative are inbornly fadering or synthetically produced substance that is added to products to prevent the decomposition by concocts of microbial growth that can cause undesirable chemical changes. CHAPTER II analyse OF RELATED LITERATURE Antioxidants Antioxidants are substances or nutrients in our turf outnders which can prevent or slow the oxidative damage to our be. When our automobile trunk mobile phones use oxygen, they essentially produce light stem turns (by-products) which can cause damage. Antioxidants act as wanton melodic theme savers and hence prevent and repair damage through with(p) by these fall by the wayside etymons.Health problems much(prenominal) as warm nerveedness disease, macular degene ration, diabetes, cancer are all contributed by oxidative damage. Antioxidants may in like manner deepen immun e defense and on that pointfore lower the risk of cancer and infection. (http//www. csiro. au). Well-known antioxidants complicate enzymes and other substances, much(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) as vitamin C, vitamin E, and important carotene, which are capable of counterbalanceing the damage effects of oxidation. Antioxidants are withal commonly added to nutrition products such as vegetable oils and on the watch feeds to prevent or delay their deterioration from the follow through of air (http//www. medterms. com).It is impossible for us to avoid damage by free radicals . Free radicals arise from both at bottom (endogenous) and outside (exogenous) our bodies . Oxidants that develop from offsetes inside our bodies name as a result of pattern aerobic respiration, metabolism , and inflammation . exogenic free radicals form from environment factors such as pollution, sunlight, strenuous exercise, X-rays, smoking and alcoholic beverage . Our antioxidant systems are not perfect , so as we age , cell mapping damaged by oxidation squirrel away Because they have one or more unpai going electrons , free radicals are highly unstable .They scavenge your organic structure to elastimetropolis or donate electrons , thereby damaging cells , proteins , and desoxyribonucleic acid (genetic material) . The analogous oxidative exe dismisse also causes oils to become rancid , strip apples turn brown , and iron to use up . Antioxidants block the process of oxidation byneutralizingfree radicals. In doing so, the antioxidants themselves become oxidized. That is why there is a constant admit to replenish our antioxidant re workces. How they work can be classified in one of 2 ways Chain-breaking When a free radical releases or steals an electron, a second radical is formed.This molecule accordingly turns around and does the same thing to a third molecule, proceed to gene enumerate more unstable products. The process continues until termination occu rs &8212 either the radical is modify by a drawing string-breaking antioxidant such as beta-carotene and vitamins C and E, or it simply decays into a harmless product. Preventive Antioxidant enzymes like superoxide anion dismutase, catalase and glutathione peroxidase prevent oxidation by decrease the rate of chain initiation. That is, by scavenging initiating radicals, such antioxidants can thwart an oxidation chain from ever setting in motion.They can also prevent oxidation by stabilizing transition metal radicals such as copper and iron. The effectiveness of any given antioxidant in the body depends on which free radical is involved, how and where it is generated, and where the target of damage is. Thus, while in one position system an antioxidant may protect against free radicals, in other systems it could have no effect at all. Or, in certain(p) circumstances, an antioxidant may even act as a pro-oxidant that generates toxic oxygen species. Since antioxidants counteract the catastrophic effects of free radicals , you would call back that we should consume as much as them as possible .The truth is , although there is little doubt that antioxidants are a necessary component for good well(p)ness , it is not clear if supplements should be interpreted and , if so , how much . Once survey to be harmless , we now know that consuming mega-doses of antioxidants can be defamatory due to their potential toxicity and interactions with medications . Antioxidants are ground abundant in beans, tittle products, fruits and vegetables. Look for fruits with bright color xanthophyll in some of the yellow pigments name in corn orange in cantaloupe, butternut squash and mango vehement from lycopene in tomatoes and water systemmelon, and purple and blue in berries.So enjoy eating a transition of these products. It is best to obtain these antioxidants from foods instead of supplements. In addition, minimize the exposure of oxidative seek such as smoking and sunbu rn. orangeness Nutrients in oranges are plentiful and diverse. The fruit is low in calories, contains no pure fats or cholesterol, but is rich in dietary fiber,pectin,which is precise effective in persons with excess body metric weight unit. Pectin, by its action as bulk laxative, helps to protect the mucous membrane of the colon by lessen its exposure time to toxic substances as well as by cover to cancer causing chemicals in the colon.Pectin has also been shown to reduce transmission line cholesterol levels by decreasing its re-absorption in the colon by binding tobile acidsin the colon. orangishs, like other citrus fruits, is an excellent source ofvitamin C(provides well-nigh 60% of DRI) Vitamin C is a powerful natural antioxidant. inhalation of foods rich in vitamin C helps body develop resistance against infectious agents andscavenge harmful, pro-inflammatory free radicals from the blood. orangish fruit contains a variety of phytochemicals. HesperetinandNarigeninare fl avonoids found in citrus fruits.Naringenin is found to have a bio-active effect on human cosmos health as antioxidant, free radical scavenger, anti-inflammatory, and immune system modulator. This substance has also been shown to reduce oxidant injury to DNA in vitro studies. Oranges also contain in truth good levels ofvitamin A, and other flavonoid antioxidants such asalphaandbeta-carotenes,beta-cryptoxanthin,zea-xanthinandlutein. These compounds are known to have antioxidant properties. Vitamin A is also ask for primary(prenominal)taining thinking(a) mucus membranes and skin and is essential for vision. expenditure of natural fruits rich in flavonoids helps body to protect from lung and oral cavity cancers. It is also a very good source of B-complex vitamins such as thiamin, pyridoxal, and folates. These vitamins are essential in the sense that body requires them from external sources to replenish. Orange fruit also contains a very good meat of minerals like kilobyte and cal cium. Potassium is an important component of cell and body fluids that helps control heart rate and blood pressure through countering sodium actions. Citrus fruits, as such, have long been valued for their wholesome nutritious and antioxidant properties (http//www. utrition-and-you. com). Orange Peels When oranges were first cultivated, orange peels were highly valued. People extracted essential oils from the peels to use in medicines and remedies for indigestion and other illnesses. Orange peels are a source of health-promoting carbohydrates. Peels also contain sanguine polymethoxylated flavones, which are plant pigment compounds present(a) in all citrus fruits. The ware of orange juice leaves large enumerates of orange peels. They are processed into an essential oil which contains (+)-limonene as major component.Every year about 50,000 bis 75,000 tons of this hydrocarbon accumulates in the citrus affect industry. Up to now it is regarded as residuum and elevatedly utilise for the synthesis of priceless products (http//kwi. dechema. de). The orange peels contain an abundance of nutrients, including sugars, flavonoids, vitamins and antioxidants, with a variety of uses, including anti-inflammatory, anti-microbial and anti-carcinogenic properties. Orange peels are the main source of d-limonene, which is effective against breast and coloncancer, and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the skin (http//onecoup. com).The peel ofCitrusfruits, like orange, is a rich source offlavanones and many polymethoxylatedflavones (Ah dotal. 2006), which are very rare in other plants. These compounds have commercial message interest because of their multitude of applications in the food and pharmaceutical industries. There are studies that prove that orange peels may be used or substituted as antimicrobial. An antimicrobial is a substance that bulges or inhibits the growth of microorganisms such as bacteria, fungi, or protozoans. Antimicrobial, drugs either kill microbes (microbicidal) or prevent the growth of microbes (microbistatic). mango tree Mango fruit is rich in pre-biotic dietary fiber, vitamins, minerals, andpolyphenolic flavonoidantioxidant compounds. According to new research study, mango fruit has been found to protect against colon, breast, leukemia and prostate gland cancers. Several trial studies suggest thatpolyphenolic anti-oxidantcompounds in mango are known to declare protection against breast and colon cancers. Mango fruit is an excellent source ofVitamin-Aand flavonoids likebeta-carotene, alpha-carotene, andbeta-cryptoxanthin. 100 g of fresh fruit provides 765 mg or 25% of recommended routine levels of vitamin A.Together these compounds are known to have antioxidant properties and are essential for vision. Vitamin A is also required for maintaining water-loving mucus membranes and skin. Consumption of natural fruits rich in carotenes is known to protect body from lung and oral cavity cancers. orthogonal mango is a very rich source of potassium. Potassium is an important component of cell and body fluids that helps exacting heart rate and blood pressure. It is also a very good source of vitamin-B6 (pyridoxine),vitamin-Cand vitamin-E. Consumption of foods rich in vitamin C helps body develop esistance against infectious agents and scavenge harmful oxygen free radicals. Vitamin B-6 orpyridoxineis required for GABA hormone output in the brain. It also controls homocystiene levels in the blood, which may otherwise be harmful to blood vessels resulting in CAD and stroke. cop is a co-factor for many vital enzymes, including cytochrome c-oxidase and superoxide dismutase (other minerals bunk as co-factors for this enzyme are manganese and zinc). Copper is also required for the production of red blood cells (http//www. nutrition-and-you. com). Preservation food preservation is the process of treating and handling food to stop or slow down Food spoilage, loss of quality, edibility or nutritional value and gum olibanum allow for endless food terminal storage. Preservation usually involves preventing the growth of bacteria, yeasts, fungi, and other micro-organisms (although some methods work by introducing gracious bacteria, or fungi to the food), as well as retarding the oxidation of fats which cause rancidity. Food preservation can also let in processes which inhibit visual deterioration, such as the enzymatic browning reaction in apples after they are cut, which can occur during food preparation.Many processes designed to preserve food will involve a number of food preservation methods. Preserving fruit by turning it into jam, for example, involves boiling (to reduce the fruits moisture content and to kill bacteria, yeasts, etc. ), sugaring (to prevent their re-growth) and sealing within an airtight jar (to prevent recontamination). Maintaining or creating nutritional value, texture and flavour is an important aspect of food preservation, although, historically, some methods dra stically altered the character of the food being preserved (http//www. ikipedia. com) ORANGE (Citrus sinensis) PEELS ECOFRIENDLY, RECYCLE calorie-free TO MAKEAS ALTERNATIVES FOR COMMERCIALIZE PRESERVATIVES CHEAP PRESERVATIVES ANTIOXIDANTS project 1 The Conceptual Framework of the Study CHAPTER 3 METHODOLOGY * General purpose cookery for the mango (Mangifera indica) Mangoes (Mangifera indica) were bought by the researchers within the city market. After buying the fruit, it was then(prenominal) washed. grooming for declivity of Orange (Citrus sinensis) Peels extract Oranges (Citrus sinensis) were bought by the researchers within the city market.After buying the fruit was washed. And then the peels were taken off then cut/slice to shrimpyer peels. Di suaveed water was then added to obtain more extract, then the peels were blended by using a metallic blender and then the extraction of the peels was obtain by using a cheesecloth or eccentric cloth/ wipe (lampi). Manual squeezing was do to discover most of the liquid. Further purification was done by means of filter paper. The closing collected extract was measured using a graduated cylinder and were hardened in a beaker. application program and controlling of the extractsThe researchers bought cotton wool balls (can be found on drug stores or groceries) and prepared it for the application. A control was then set by the researchers to further study the affectivity of the extracted substance to the substance to be applied (mango Mangifera indica). The cotton balls was used to hold the substance and applied, by means of wiping, at the upper part or at the stem of the fruit. methodology Flowchart * Gathering of oranges (Citrus sinensis) General Procedure washing of mango (Mangifera indica) Gathering of mango (Mangifera indica)Slicing/ Cutting of the peels of the orange (Citrus sinensis) Peeling of the oranges (Citrus sinensis) Washing of orange (Citrus sinensis) Addition of Distilled water Application o f preservatives Filtration Measuring of extract TRAIT examen Grinding/blending of the peels of the orange (Citrus sinensis) decline by means of cheesecloth or face towel (lampi) CHAPTER 4 PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS, AND INTERPRETATION OF information Table 1 presents the masses of the mangoes on the first and seventh day anatomy 3 handling atomic pile (g) of replicates (day 1) Mass (g) of replicates (day 2) 1 2 3 1 2 3Mangoes with extract cxxx 120 150 128 117 147 Mango without extract (control) 110 160 100 cv 153 93 Table no. 1 presentation of mass of mangoes Table No 2. shows the weight loss of the three replicated in each sermon obtained from days 1 and 7. It shows that in Treatment 1, replica 1 has a weight loss of 2g, replica 2 has 3g, and replica 3 has 3g. In Treatment 2, replica 1 has a weight loss of 5g, replica 2 has 7g, and replica 3 has 7g. It shows that the results of the untreated mangoes got the highest amount of weight loss. Its cause might be the fast spoilage of t he fruit.Treatment 1 implies that the Orange peel extract has affectivity on the fruits preservation state. Weight passing game of Treatment 2 between geezerhood 1 and 7 Grams Replicates Figure No. 4 Weight loss of Treatment 1 (below) and Treatment 2 (above) Figure No. 3 above shows the weight loss of the treated ( Treatment 1 and the untreated mangoes. ) 1. Statement of Null guess The extracted preservative from the orange peel has an effect on the mango causing it not to rot easily. Ho A = B or A B = 0 2. Statement of Alternative Hypothesis Ha The extracted preservative from the orange peel has no effect on the mango.The extracted preservative from the orange peel has no effect on the mango. Ha = A ? B or A B ? 0 3. aim of Significance ? = 0. 05 4. Treatment Deviation (D) D2 1 2 3 1 2 3 Mangoes with extract 2 3 3 4 9 9 Mango without extract (control) 5 7 7 25 49 49 ?D= 27? D2= 145 5. A. juncture of squares difference ?d2 = ? D2 (? D )2 N = 145 ( ( 27)2 6 ) = 23. 5 B. Sta ndard error of the mean difference SD = ? d2 N(N-1) = 23. 530 = 23. 530 = 0. 7833 C. D D= ? DN = 236 = 4. 5 D. t. t = DSD = 4. 50. 7833 6. Tcrit = t0. 05 = 2. 571 7.Since the computed/ calculated t is larger than tcrit , reject the Ho and accept Ha There is pregnant difference between the mean % particulate matter of the mango being extracted . CHAPTER V SUMMARY, FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS Summary We love to eat oranges, its sweet or sour juice, and its rich in vitamin c, and yet we only throw the peels away. However, because of this study we can now make use of the peels that we usually throw away. Because of this study, the researchers attempted to find an alternative preservative for mangoes, which it is one of the highly distributed fruit on our country.So to find an easier way and more healthy way to preserve mangoes orange peels come to a use. Testing of the Orange peels antibacterial and preservative capability is the main mark of this research. It aims to c ompare if there is a significant difference between the spoilage life of a treated and untreated mango. Oranges were collect from fruit stores. The peels was then obtained then cut into smaller pieces then placed on a grinder, but before friction, small amount of distilled water was added, then the grinding of peels took place.By means of cheesecloth, manual squeezing was done to extract the oil, and filtration took place for further purification. devil handlings were prepared with three replicates respectively. First treatment was the mangoes which were treated with the extracts, and the second treatment was the control. unhurriedness was done during the 1st day of which mango was applied with the extract and after the 7th day from the application. Findings During the observation of the 7 days affectivity of extract, treatment two had rotten and regretful faster than treatment 1, for spots was already seen.The researchers then weighed and the mass of the mangoes, under treatme nt 2 , the mass started reducing belatedly while treatment 1 still remained constant with its mass. By the 7th day of observation, treatment two was already very rot and spoiled, while treatment one was still giving signs of spoilage but not yet totally spoiled. Conclusions 1. The stringency of the oil extracted from the Orange peels is not that plastered hence only small amount was only used. But yet still effective. 2. Mangoes when left untreated and left to be spoiled decreases its weight faster than those which are treated. . Orange peels are effective as preservative for mangoes. Recommendations After the research was make and after observations was gathered. This are the following recommendations the researchers made 1. Orange peels are effective in preserving mango but yet one can still look for a stronger affectivity of preservation, which can preserve mangoes for a longer period of time. 2. If one wants a reveal result, he/she should use a ratio between more peels and l esser but enough distilled water to get a strong concentration.