Essay Examples on The Great Depression Essay Example

Essay Examples on The Great Depression Paper 1st Essay Sample on The Great Depression The Great Depression was a bad time in history for everyone.It was the worst financial slump ever in U.S. history.The depression began in late 1929 and lasted for about a decade.Many people were affected by this event.The main cause for the Great Depression was a combination of things. First, thing that caused the Great Depression was the stock market crash.The stock market crash began on Black Friday in October 1929.In addition, the Federal Reserve raised interest rate in 1930 and 1931.This reduced the chance of recovery for investors who had to pay their debts.Banks everywhere went under.Businesses couldn’t continue to operate. Farmers fell into bankruptcy. A quarter of the working force was unemployed in 1932. Next, Hoover felt the only way to save the country from depression was to have the government get involved.He requested that local governments spend their money on public works projects. He created the Farm Board in 1929 to help support the prices of wheat and corn.When the farmers ran into trouble, the rural banks were not far behind. Since they were the main lenders to the indebted farmers, they suffered when the farmers suffered. This led to panic throughout the worldwide banking system. Then, Roosevelt believed the only way out of the depression was for the government to spend money. We will write a custom essay sample on Essay Examples on The Great Depression specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Essay Examples on The Great Depression specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Essay Examples on The Great Depression specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Roosevelt started a lot of programs.Some programs he tried creating would be the CWA, PWA, and WPA. He set minimum wages, conditions, and maximum working hours, making it tough on businesses.Hisfirst AAA made farmers happy by paying them not to plant crops.He was responsible for creating the New Deal and the Second New Deal. The Great Depression was a very devastating event in history.I could never imagine having to go through that type of event.With the New Deal, the American economy recovered gradually. 2nd Essay Sample on The Great Depression Many things can be attributed to the cause of the Great Depression. The stock market crash can be seen as a starting point but not the only cause of the depression.With people spending money as often as they could, and not even having any to begin with they ended up buying new cars or radios on installments up until the point that they were unavailable to buy any more merchandise. This continued with the belief that everyone was able to be rich, and this lead to more careless spending.An uneven money distribution was also accredited to the great depression, and with money going to just the rich rather than being giving equally, the middle class began to suffer greatly and with that they started down the road to utter poverty.One last cause that further developed the great depression was the new tariff acts established; this was more seen as a cause rather than a solution. In the mist of a prosperous period in American history, citizens were wasting their money on things they wanted but did not really need.The great wealth†¦has had the widest distribution among our own people†¦has gone steady stream†¦into the region of luxury. (Doc. B)Being as optimistic as Hoover was, Americans were reassured of their economic status and began to shop more than usual. Americans continued to buy one more car or radio, and when people had bought all they could afford they stopped buying.Demand for supplies fell causing manufacturing companies to drop its prices. As a result of this change in the economy, cotton prices, wheat prices, etc, fell dramatically leaving farmers with major money problems.Americans had been in an expansion peak with high qualities of supply and demand, but as Americans stopped buying the country went into a contraction, which led to a trough.

How to Write Emotional Headlines to Get More Shares - CoSchedule

How to Write Emotional Headlines to Get More Shares Here at , we recently hit over 10 million headlines entered into our Headline Analyzer tool. Thats a lot of headlines. With this massive resource, we began wondering what, exactly, made a highly-shared headline so shareable. Could we find a way to predict whether or not a headline would be well-shared? You may be surprised to hear that we found just such a thing. When we combined our massive database of headlines with our social sharing analytics  and top content reports, we were able to get a unique view of the answer to this question.  It all comes down to something called the Emotional Marketing Value (EMV) score. This is the result of a simple test used to provide an actual rating that can be used to judge how well our headline will be received by others. How to Write Emotional Headlines That Get More SharesWrite More Emotional Headlines with This Free Power Words Tear Sheet So, how should you go about writing more emotional headlines? Start by understanding what constitutes as emotional. Copywriter Karl Stepp offers a great list of highly emotional words that he calls power words for emotional selling. As a handy guide,   I have converted them to this handy tear-sheet that you can download right here. Then, Test Your Headlines With 's  Free Headline Analyzer Our free Headline Analyzer  will help you: Use headline types that get the most traction for social shares, traffic, and search engine ranking. Make sure you have the right word balance to write readable headlines that command attention. See the best  word and character length for search engines like Google and email subject lines, while also seeing  how your readers will scan your headlines. Start by visiting the Headline Analyzer page and entering your headline: As you scroll down through your analysis, you'll see previous headlines you wrote for comparison purposes: The next portion will show you your headline score and the different word types in your headline influencing that score. Here at , we always aim for a 70 or higher: Scrolling over your results reveals a tip on how to better incorporate each word type into your headline: Continue to play with headline combinations until you find one that works best. It's free and you can use it as much as you'd like. How Do We Know Emotional Headlines Drive More Shares? We went through a bunch of the headlines in the system and calculated their EMV score. The results were stunning. Posts with a higher emotional value got more shares. Period. What we found was that on average, posts with a higher EMV were shared more often than posts with a lower EMV score. Posts with a high number of shares frequently reached an EMV Score of 30 or 40, several points higher than posts with fewer shares. The results are pretty cool, but how does this score even work? Recommended Reading: Why People Share: The Psychology of Social Sharing How Can The Emotional Value Of A Headline Be Calculated? Emotional marketing value dates back to the 1960s and 1970s when government research scholar Dr. Hakim Chishti was studying the roots of several languages including Persian, Aramaic, Hebrew, Arabic, and Urdu. As it goes, his research found that there are basic underlying harmonics in language that are always interpreted with the same "emotional" reactions. Where dictionary-based meanings can be mistaken, the sound tones themselves are always interpreted the same way in our emotional response. This means that emotional language creates a very predictable response, something that can be very advantageous to marketers. Emotional language creates a very predictable response, something that can be very advantageous in...The Emotional Marketing Value is a score that looks to asses how a group of words follows these emotional harmonics, and how likely they are to elicit an emotional response from a reader. The Emotional Marketing Value Headline Analyzer   is a tool based on the research that is made freely available by the Advanced Marketing Institute. Using it can easily provide you with such a score. Can this tool predict shares? Maybe. The  Emotional Marketing Value Headline Analyzer  is easy to use. Simply copy and paste your headline into the box and it will give you a calculated score of your headline’s EMV Score. Here is the result for the headline of this post: The tool provide a more complete explanation of the score: This score indicates that your headline has a total of 44.44% Emotional Marketing Value (EMV) Words. To put that in perspective, the English language contains approximately 20% EMV words. And for comparison, most professional copywriters' headlines will have 30%-40% EMV Words in their headlines, while the most gifted copywriters will have 50%-75% EMV words in headlines. A perfect score would be 100%, but that is rare unless your headline is less than five words. Scores are also classified by three emotional types – intellectual, empathetic, and spiritual. The institute provides a few details on what each of these emotional types include. As an example, the emotional classification for this post was intellectual – a perfect fit for , as we are looking to promote a product that requires reasoning and/or careful evaluation. After we saw what EMV can  do, we thought  it would be  helpful to build a new headline analyzer. This free tool combines EMV with several other elements we've found drive shares, traffic, and SEO results. Recommended Reading: How to Write Headlines That Drive Traffic, Shares, and Search Results Positive/Happy Emotions Do A Better Job Encouraging Shares Here's what our top 20 most shared blog posts look like based on emotional sentiment: Ten are positive Nine are neutral Just one is negative This is a small data set, but it appears the anticipation of benefits drives more shares. Anticipation is the feeling that we get whenever we find something (like a blog post) that sparks our curiosity. We immediately begin to anticipate the contents of that post and wonder what we might find on the other side. When it comes to anticipation, our emotions will play a big role in how we finally respond to our own curiosity. Anticipating positive (or happy) events sustains the output of dopamine  into the brain’s chemical pathways, and as renowned marketer Neil Patel says  "scientific experiments show that most people anticipate future positive events, as opposed to future negative events. In the absence of anxious/depressive psychological disorders, people automatically anticipate happiness more than they do sadness." Scientific experiments show that most people anticipate future positive events, as opposed to future negative events. – Neil Patel So, this all begins to add up. Not only do emotions cause us to share, but positive emotions seem to add an additional boost. If we look back to the  three emotional types – intellectual, empathetic, and spiritual – we can easily see a distinct trend towards positive emotions and happiness. In short, popular headlines don't only trigger our emotions, but they help us imagine a positive outcome. They help us imagine a better life.

Critiques of Industrial Revolution Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Critiques of Industrial Revolution - Essay Example As we all know that organic food is not easily approachable by everyone as it is expensive. â€Å"Wal-Mart† has introduced it at comparatively cheaper price, which is good news. Here, the author criticizes that looking at cheaper organic food what can be expected. The author raises the question of the effects it will make on the industry economically and regarding fulfilling the consumer demand. Moreover, he is concerned whether the nutritional values are kept in mind or not as the milk cows are being fed on organic grain in the deserts instead of grass to cope up with the increasing demand. This results in milk with low nutritional values missing many of the important nutrients. Another example for this is that the growers of organic chicken were obliged to substitute the organic chicken feed with the conventional chicken feed if the price exceeds a certain level due to the government bill. Thus, the organic food purely rely the federal government. The question is still in the air that so called organic food is really organic or not. The author does not agree with the definition of organic food given by the government. Micheal in another article, â€Å"When Crop Become King† states that corn intake has increased hugely not even realizing it. Corn is the largest grown crop all over the world and a cheaper feed for animals2. Corns are a significant part of animals’ diet whether it is suitable for them or not. Then they are injected antibiotics when they get ill due to the indigestible feed. The meat and milk we get from those animals is not healthy and less nutritive. Besides, most of snacks and soft drinks are sweetened by the sweet corns instead of the sugars. This is because corn is the cheapest feed for the animals. Thus, corn has really become king of our land and dominating us, for its protection we have put our health at stake by

Management of Continuous Programmer Education within the Irish Research Paper

Management of Continuous Programmer Education within the Irish Software Industry - Research Paper Example The Software Company who has a lot of competency in its roster is more likely to attract more diverse clients. However, the expense of sending people to expand their knowledge and skills is also expensive since it will require un-billable hours from the employee plus the cost of his education. It is also easier to hire knowledge and experience than to train and suffer the consequence of a learning curve. These conflicting schools of thought are valid issues that need to be addressed by a company that wants to be at the fore front of the industry. It should be noted that every six months, new technologies are introduced in the market, coupled with the new technology is the fact that more and more industry are being automated with it is the geometric expansion of potential clientele translating to new revenue streams. Expertise on the new technology, expertise on the new industry is an advantage that can easily be obtained by hiring or educating the employees on the new trend. This dis sertation aims to resolve the issues mentioned earlier by providing a viable strategy that will work both for the company and the employees while settling the issue of attrition. Contents Abstract 2 Contents 3 Introduction 4 Objective of the Research 5 Methodology 6 Qualitative Data 6 Quantitative Data 7 Data Collection Instrument 7 Review of Related Materials 7 Bibliography 14 Introduction Attrition cannot be helped most especially in the information technology industry where new technology is introduced every six months. As more industries are being introduced to the information age more knowledge in these industries through education in the context of information systems is required from the programmers. This is to ensure that the processes inherent to the industry is translated and made operational using the computer systems. While new industries are breaking into the automation and information age, new technology also emerges. The widespread use of the latest technology also br ings with it new programming techniques or function calls that capitalizes on the new power of the new technology. Programmers in order to remain competitive should be updated in the latest programming languages, techniques, and technology. It is imperative therefore to ensure that the programmers are not only well versed with the new trends in technology they should also be updated on the latest way of integrating the new technology to their work or project. However, the fragile industry has to contend with its own problem, as new skills are acquired the attrition also increases. Through the use of surveys, this paper shall investigate the various techniques being employed by several software companies in order to balance their need to educate their technical employees and the need to recoup the investment made in training and educating these employees by the company. This paper shall try to improve and provide new techniques to augment what has been learned or at the very least co mbine the best practice in order to maximize what has been learned from the companies surveyed. To validate the result of the survey and the knowledge learned from the company that could be used as basis in formulating the best practice. Other important information should first be established. It is imperative to know if there is a real need from the company to train or educate their employees. It is equally important to know if the employee is given a choice on the type of training/education he would be taking up.

Application of Research in Human Services Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Application of Research in Human Services - Essay Example In the United States, the origin of human services is traceable back to the charitable activities that groups undertook during the colonial period. These groups include the religious and civic organizations that existed during this time. Nevertheless, human services were not considered as a serious academic discipline until 1960s. Academicians during this era saw the significance of human services as an ideology that would revolutionize human service delivery and professionalism (Sundel et al., 1999). As stated earlier, the main objective of human service as a academic discipline is increasing the efficiency of service delivery. Other objectives of human service include the re-education and sharpening of professions involved in the traditional service delivery. These traditional helping professional, through human service, adopt a humanistic approach in service delivery; implementing humanistic psychology during service delivery. Furthermore, human service also improves the accountability of these professionals to the communities they are supposed to serve (Neukrug, 1994). Service delivery professionals are able to take responsibility in the organizations they serve and implement appropriate systems that take into consideration the population they are serving. Finally, human service advocates that service delivery professionals to be involved in social change that aims to improve society as a whole. Nursing, education, law, medicine, social work and other traditional academic programs were resistant in adopting the human service approach during service delivery. The reason they were resistant stemmed from the fact that this new ideology challenged the professional status of these academic programs (Sundel et al., 1999). However, this was not the case because human services aimed at encouraging these traditional professions in promoting social change. Human service programs branch into homeless youths, youth development programs, community collaborations among

Leadership in healthcare

Leadership in healthcare Student Number: 3226029 AHP_6_011 Leadership for Allied Health Professionals At the opening ceremony of the Singapore Healthcare Management Congress 2013, Singapore Health Minister Gan Kim Yong said that strong management capabilities and leadership quality in the healthcare sector are extremely crucial to lead the growing healthcare needs of an ageing population, constant threat of global pandemics and rising non-communicable diseases. There is a need to constantly innovate and find ways to keep the population healthy and deliver the healthcare services more effectively (Gan, 2013). â€Å"One of the things that a leader needs to learn is that the traditional models of leading change are not very effective.† (Kent, 2014). The context for healthcare is changing due to changing expectations, changing disease profile and greater emphasis on ‘predict and prevent’ (Hartley, et al., 2008). Definition of Leadership Leadership in healthcare can be viewed in many different ways. Clinical leadership can come from hands-on care, from maintaining clinical expertise and may sometimes be separated from management with the goal of leading staff through transformational change to develop better services for the local community (Bishop, 2009). In the recent years, leadership is seen as something to be used by all but at different levels (National Leadership Council (NLC) Clinical Leadership workstream, 2011). It can be described to be a team effort (The Kings Fund, 2012) or also known as â€Å"sharedness† of leadership processes (Wang, et al., 2013) in an organisation. Shared leadership is displayed in terms of mutual influence, shared responsibility among the staff and leading each other towards the goal achievements. Shared leadership expands the extent of leader prototypicality (Wang, et al., 2013) as team members are given a chance to take on decision-making process and leadership role. â€Å"Gone is the heroic individual with a monopoly on the vision; it is replaced by a commitment to building shared visions with a range of stakeholders.† (The Kings Fund, 2012). Wang, et al., (2013) divided shared leadership into 3 categories which are shared traditional leadership, shared new-genre leadership and cumulative, overall shared leadership. The subgroups on the types of leadership under each category such as transactional, visionary and transformational leadership can be seen in Appendix A. Shared traditional leadership is where the leader uses methods such as contingent rewards towards staff to achieve team goals and satisfy staff’s needs (Wang, et al., 2013). Shared new-genre leadership emphasizes transformational, visionary and charismatic leadership which empowers the staff towards development and change (Wang, et al., 2013). Cumulative, overall shared leadership is displayed within the team level, in which each individual team member demonstrate a degree of leadership. Importance of leadership Leadership is important as it can determine the functionality of a basic team unit as it strongly influences key team processes. It can determine and clarify the objectives of the team, giving the team a clear view on the goals and the pathways to take to achieve the goals (Hartley, et al., 2008) such as improving patient experience and outcome (NHS Institute for Innovation and Improvement, 2011). Having leadership can encourage participation from the staff, allowing the staff to contribute and pool great ideas, supporting innovation in the team. It also enhances the commitment to quality, as having a leader ensures primary quality objectives are met in the day to day workings within the staff (Hartley, et al., 2008). Guidance to the changes in the healthcare in many aspects There are many aspects of healthcare that are constantly changing such as new techniques and technologies in healthcare. As such, there is a constant need to find new ways of working within and across teams, and with patients (Hartley, et al., 2008). Therefore, strong leadership that support a vision for change with a clear articulation of what needs to be achieved, by whom and with what, would likely to succeed in healthcare organisations (Gifford, et al., 2013). Leadership is also crucial when it comes to finding new approaches to continuous improvement which rely a lot on ‘people management’ (Hartley, et al., 2008). Bishop, (2009, p. 83) stated that leadership in Allied Health is no longer just about ‘managing’ the service and being a ‘therapy lead’, it is about leading the staff and the service to a new position. To achieve this, clinical leaders such as nurse educators, clinical nurse specialist and practice developers are to influence research use through their roles in mentoring, providing information and assisting in the development of policies and procedures to support professional practice (Gifford, et al., 2013). Leaders have to constantly think of methods to support staff so as to make and sustain improvement efforts in order to improve service to the patient. This is important because patient’s expectations have increased as the healthcare industry develops over the years. Future-looking system There are new challenges in healthcare such as the kinds of illnesses or even trends are changing (Hartley, et al., 2008). Leadership is important to anticipate rather than just react to changes in demographic and disease profiles (Hartley, et al., 2008). Leaders have to anticipate the multiple diseases associated with a larger elderly population and chronic diseases due to lifestyle choices such as obesity. For example, the rising numbers of cancer cases in Singapore as reported in The Straits Times (Lai, 2014) was made known to awareness among the public. Networking Gantz, et al., (2012) stated that collective leadership complements healthcare globalisation. They recognised healthcare globalisation as a way to close disparity gaps and improve public health on a global scale through resource and information sharing. There are new health goals where ‘treatment’ is not the only goal now but also ‘predict and prevent’ illnesses for the public health (Hartley, et al., 2008). As such, there are more hospitals that network with each other and disseminate evidence-based practices throughout their regional and local communities (MacPhee, et al., 2013). Therefore, leadership is important to shape these new goals and to ensure that there is a close link between ideas and practice on the front-line and between different partners. Clinical decision making According to Hartley, et al., (2008), leadership clarity is associated with better team processes, and with actual innovation – and ambiguity about leadership was associated with low levels of innovation. This corroborates the view of the role of leadership in helping to create compelling direction and ensure participation of team members in decision-making (Hartley, et al., 2008). One of the thing that a leader needs to do is to make good decision based on in-depth understanding of all the constituent parts, all the tradition and cultures that accompany the existing professional structures and values (Bishop, 2009, p. 83). Therefore, it is important for a leader to have good decision-making skill so as to have a smooth efficient workflow and quality service. In Singapore’s healthcare setting, although the decisions made are largely based on the patients’ choice, their family members still exercise significant influence over the level of revelation of prognosis information and final action taken (Foo, et al., 2012). Familial-centred approach is common in Asian setting especially if it involves poor prognosis. As such, a leader in this situation has to consider the various views and make a final decision that gives the best outcomes for the patient and family, even if it means that they have to withhold information about patient’s expected poor clinical outcomes to the patients (Foo, et al., 2012). Good decision-making is achieved based on the good understanding of the culture and tradition of the context. The need for decision-making may arise at any one point while in a clinical setting. For example, the below anecdotal incident (see Appendix B) about clinical decision-making is analysed using Gibb’s reflective cycle (Waugh, 2013) (see Appendix C). The incident is about a disagreement I had with a senior colleague about him deviating from the treatment protocol regarding the verification of the treatment area. I felt frustrated that I was the only one wanting to do the right thing and find a solution despite voicing out my concerns. After the incident, I felt sad and unjust that my colleague was angry at me for refusing to proceed with the treatment. The positive experience was that my decision prevented an incident report and an inaccurate delivery of radiation dose. I stepped out of my comfort zone and voiced out my concerns to the oncologists. Conversely, my long decision-making time resulted in a queue of patients and delayed appointments. According to the Fielder’s contingency model (see Appendix D), I am a task-oriented leader, and the incident calls for a leader with a low Least-Preferred Co-Worker (LPC). As such, I’m a fitting leader for the task as I handled the situation which prevented errors from being made in the treatment. On the whole, I took a long time to make my decision waiting for my colleague to share his opinions, which turned out to be fruitless. Such disagreements can be avoided if there are mutual understanding and better treatment protocol knowledge. I should have sought assistance from the other seniors right away. After the incident, we had a discussion on the treatment protocols, directing more focus on the importance of protocols and the adherence to them should any similar incidents occur in the future. Future leadership Nobody stays stagnant in the workforce. For example, a radiation therapist from North Carolina realised that he needed more leadership skills when he progressed from the treatment aspect to administration and then managing (Robert Wood Johnson Foundation, 2013). The King’s Fund (2012) refers to leadership as a ‘cognitive catalyst’, where the leader’s choice of actions and ideas are focused on as learning points in order to spur learning in the work place by the other team members. In order to change an organisation, leaders need to change themselves first and be open to changes. â€Å"If our leaders grow and help others to grow, our organisation will not only succeed in their changes efforts- they will be an example for other leaders and organisations around the world.† (Kent, 2014). More leaders are required in Singapore because the healthcare service is expanding rapidly so as to cater for the aging population (Bishop, 2009). As such, the Ministry Of Health Singapore has launched a SingHealth Graduate Diploma in Healthcare Management and Leadership programme in Singapore Management University. It aims to groom a new generation of healthcare professionals who excel in both healthcare management and business leadership which is a skill that is high in demand in today’s evolving healthcare industry (Gan, 2013). Additionally, the Ministry Of Healthcare has also provide sponsorships such as the Healthcare Administration Scholarship (HAS) where outstanding scholars will be given opportunities to be developed for top leadership position within the public healthcare sector (MOH Holdings Pte Ltd, 2013). Competency frameworks have also become a widely used approach to thinking about the skills of leadership. For example, the healthcare in UK are using the NHS Leadership Qualities Framework (see Appendix E) (National Leadership Council (NLC) Clinical Leadership workstream, 2011). It sets out the key skills or competencies for leaders in healthcare (Hartley, et al., 2008). Leadership skills are seen to be very important in the healthcare industry worldwide so much so there are many studies and programmes to train future leaders to meet the demands of the ever changing and growing industry. 1

Tom Sawyer Abroad Essay -- Essays Papers

Tom Sawyer Abroad In Tom Sawyer Abroad, Tom Sawyer and Nat Parsons (who was postmaster of the village) always told about the adventures they had been on. They were always trying to tell the best stories, so that the people of the town would listen and become interested in them. But Nat Parsons went to Washington and when he came back he told about the exciting things that happened. Soon Nat got all the people’s attention, and Tom became jealous and wanted to do more adventurous things than Nat so that he could tell stories about it. Not long after Tom’s longing for adventure, there was talk about a big hot air balloon that was flying across the ocean to Europe. A professor, who made the balloon, was going to ride in it. The balloon was coming to town, and Tom, his friend Huck Finn, and his black friend Jim just had to see it. They went to the edge of town and gazed at it with awe. Other people that had come to view the large balloon were laughing at the professor saying that a balloon could not fly across the ocean. Tom, Jim, and Huck climbed aboard the boat-like structure that was attached to the bottom of the balloon, so that they could take a better look at the flying balloon. Suddenly the balloon took off in the air with them and the professor in it. Tom was very excited about this, and soon the professor taught him how to steer the ship and land it. The professor went crazy due to all the people making fun of him, and one night during a st...

U.S.-China Trade

The reemergence of China as a great power is arguably the single most important development in the post-Cold War world. The rapid economic growth of the People's Republic of China (PRC) over the past decade, coupled with its high level of defense spending, have stimulated much interest as well as trepidation among policy-makers and analysts across the world. Although the continued augmentation of Chinese power is not predetermined, the profound effects of China's growing process cannot be underestimated.When analyzing a state's trade expectations one must also take into account the effects of diplomacy and bargaining, as Copeland suggests. A state can make some economic, political and military concessions to induce its trading partners to relax trade restrictions, thus raising its expectations for future trade. If the price for a higher level of trade is seen to be reasonable, the state would be willing to pay it, but if the price is unacceptable because it would undermine the state' s `internal stability or its external power position', there would be very little that the state could do to improve its trade expectations.If Chinese decision-makers' expectations for future trade are high, they will be less likely to use force to deal with unresolved disputes with neighboring countries. If, however, they have a negative view of their future trading environment, they will be likely to take measures, including military actions, to remove any obstacles that might forestall the pursuit of great-power status (Segal, 70). For the moment, China's expectations of future trade are by and large optimistic, but there is evidence of growing Chinese suspicion of a Western `conspiracy' to contain China which may alter Beijing's future perceptions.To ensure that the rise of China will not cause regional and global instability, the outside world should seek to integrate China into the international community by pursuing policies that will have a positive influence on China's expe cted value of trade. Since the late 1970s China has gradually emerged as a major trading nation in the world, and its economic and trade relations with most countries have broadened considerably. Indeed, China has been actively involved in global economic activities, and is fully integrated into the Asia-Pacific economy.The PRC is now a member of most major international and regional economic organizations, including the World Bank, the International Monetary Fund, the Asian Development Bank, and APEC. (Segal, 70) From 1980 to 1997 the Chinese government approved 162 foreign financial institutions to develop business in China. (Segal, 70) Over 200 of the world's top 500 companies have now invested in the country. (Segal, 70) As a result, there has been a huge growth in China's foreign trade over the past two decades. From 1978 to 1997 China's export grew from US$9. 8 billion to US$182. 7 billion, and its imports grew from US$10.9 billion to US$142. 4 billion. Between 1983 and 1997 a ctual foreign direct investment in China increased from US$916 million to US$45. 3 billion(Segal, 70) In 1997, according to the World Trade Organization, China became one of the top 10 trading countries in the world. (Segal, 70) China has also benefited from its involvement in a regional division of labor and economic cooperation in East Asia. It is integrated into a number of sub-regional economic groupings or ‘growth triangles' such as the Hong Kong-Guangdong-Shenzhen triangle and the Northeast China-Korea-Japan triangle.In addition, China is closely involved in the development of two new sub-regional groupings: the Yellow Sea Economic Zone that includes Liaoning and Shandong provinces, Japan and South Korea; and the Tumen River project that seeks to promote economic cooperation between China, Japan, North Korea, South Korea, Mongolia and Russia. (Rachman, 129) No doubt, China's integration into the world economy has brought about much benefit to the country, but it has also increased Chinese vulnerability in a world of growing interdependence. Indeed, foreign direct investment has become the single most important source of foreign capital for the PRC.(Rachman, 132)It is estimated that ‘foreign investment may now account for one-quarter of all Chinese exports'. (Rachman, 132)In 1996 the total value of foreign-funded firms' import and export trade reached US$137. 1 billion accounting for 47% of the national total of foreign trade. (Rachman, 136)According to a Beijing Review report, 18 million people, about 10% of China's non-farming population, are employed by foreign-funded firms. The investment by these firms covers a whole range of areas that are vital to Chinese economic modernization, including infrastructure, energy, communication and high-tech projects.(Rachman, 143)The Chinese government has also relied heavily on foreign investment to develop the central and western regions of China that are still very poor. In 1996, for example, a total amount of USS 1. 34 billion of foreign government loans was utilized for 69 projects in these underdeveloped regions. In addition, 125 key projects in the PRC are supported by foreign government loans that include the construction of metropolitan underground railways, power plants, airports, telephone networks, and other large-scale development plans. (Rachman, 171)In the past decade China has increased its foreign borrowings substantially. Its total external debt is believed to have risen from US$24,000 million in 1987 to US$116,280 million in 1996. (Rachman, 183)Besides, many of China's reform projects, such as enterprise restructuring, infrastructure improvement, financial reform, poverty reduction, human development and environmental protection, are currently supported by the World Bank. (Lieberthal, 36) Of all the major sectors of the Chinese economy, energy is probably the most critical one in terms of sustaining the PRC's modernization program.In this sector the role of forei gn capital is becoming more significant. For example, a joint venture has been established at the Pingshao coal mine, and the construction of a power station in Guangxi Zhuang is financed entirely by foreign investment. In the areas of petroleum and natural gas, a greater effort has also been made to attract foreign capital. By 1997, China had signed 126 contracts with 65 foreign oil companies. (Lieberthal, 36) Moreover, the progress of Chinese reform is dependent on the availability of advanced foreign technology and equipment.The contract value of Chinese technology imports amounted to US$159. 23 million in 1997. Indeed, imported technologies play an important part in major Chinese industries ranging from energy, electronics, computer software to telecommunications, information and other high-tech industries. (Lieberthal, 36) Clearly, Chinese leaders are aware that the success of China's economic modernization rests ultimately with its access to the global market and with inflows of external funding.If, for political or security reasons, the world were to reduce the level of economic interactions with or apply trade sanctions against China, it would have a devastating effect on Chinese economic development. For the moment, China's expectations of future trade with both its Asian neighbors and Western nations are by and large positive. In a speech to an academic symposium in Beijing, Chen Jian, a senior official of the Chinese Ministry of Foreign Affairs, said that ‘the international situation has moved at a speed faster than expected in a direction favorable to China †¦.The ongoing reform and opening up policies and the economic development in China†¦ are based on the judgement that world peace can be maintained and a new world war will not erupt for the near future'. (Yahuda, 22) Similarly, Wu Yi, Minister of Foreign Trade and Economic Cooperation, has noted: ‘We are immersed in the irreversible general trend toward worldwide economic integration†¦ economic cooperation with various countries makes it easier than any time in the past to reach a common view, and can be carded out in a wider area and at a higher starting point.This in turn portends that possibility for successful cooperation is much greater in the future'. (Yahuda, 22) This type of optimistic assessment of the future trading environment is echoed by many Chinese leaders, officials and scholars. (Yahuda, 56) Despite the recent financial turmoil in East and South East Asia, they believe that the economic dynamism in the Asia-Pacific will continue into the twenty-first century and that China will benefit from further economic growth and cooperation in the region.â€Å"For example, citing the view of a Chicago professor and Nobel Prize winner, a Chinese commentator maintains that ‘the prospects of most rapidly growing economic entities of East Asia are still bright. † ‘Even if the economy of these countries stops growing in the c oming five years', it is argued, ‘their average speed of economic increase in the next 25 years will surpass that of the world'. (Yahuda, 101) In any case, Chinese leaders know that the potential market and business opportunities that the PRC can offer to the outside world are so attractive that no country would like to miss them.(Yahuda, 193) It is therefore unlikely that any countries would want to sever trade relations with China in the near future. To raise its expectations for future trade China has been and will be willing to make economic and political concessions when negotiating contracts and trade agreements with its trading partners. Thus, the outside world will have some leverage to steer China in a certain direction, and it should take the opportunity to encourage further economic reform, openness and trade liberalization in the country.As liberals rightly argue, economic liberalization will gradually lead to greater political liberalization and democratization in China that will, in turn, help preserve peace and stability in the Asia-Pacific region. However, the international community must be patient with the pace of change in China and more sensitive to Chinese security perceptions. This is not to say that the outside world should accede to any Chinese demands or policies.On the contrary, it should be prepared to raise its concern over particular Chinese policies, debate with China on issues of fundamental disagreement, and stand firm on matters of principle. For example, the outside world must not ignore human rights issues in China for the sake of short-term commercial benefits. Western countries should try to persuade the Chinese government to improve its human rights record through dialogue and diplomatic channels rather than by economic coercion.They must recognize that the process of democratization in China will be a lengthy and thorny one, given the lack of democratic tradition in Chinese history. An evolutionary path toward democ racy is preferable to a violent change of regime in China that will be likely to produce an unstable and ineffective government which would be incapable of handling the crises and upheavals associated with rapid political transformation in such a vast country. A chaotic China could not possibly pursue a rational and coherent policy toward other countries.In this regard, the warning of some liberal scholars of the linkages between democratic transition and war should be heeded. Whether the reemergence of China as a great power in the post-Cold War international system is caused by structural factors (as the realist argues) or by unit-level decisions (as the liberal suggests), the challenge that China presents to the rest of world is formidable. The best way of abating the likelihood of military conflict between the great powers, as Copeland suggests, is to `alter leaders' perceptions of the future trading environment in which they operate'.(Harris, 151) China's current expectations o f future trade are, on the whole, positive, but there are growing suspicions among Chinese leaders and intellectuals of external forces seeking to `contain' China. Such a fear could magnify at a time when nationalistic sentiment is rising in Chinese society (Harris, 151) that might lead to low expectations of future trade. To ensure that China's rise will not cause regional and global instability, the outside world should pursue policies that would enhance Chinese decision-makers' confidence in their future trading environment.This will not be a simple task due to China's innate distrust of other great powers as a result of its unpleasant encounters with Japan and Western powers in the nineteenth century. Given the complexity of Chinese domestic politics and enormous ideological and institutional constraints, China may not always respond to external efforts positively, (Harris, 151) but if China's trading partners hope to integrate the country into the international community peacef ully, they must do what they can to raise PRC leaders' expectations for future trade.In the case of China, it has made some economic and political concessions to induce the outside world to trade with and invest in China. On most issues, Chinese leaders find the price of higher trade level reasonable and are willing to make compromise. The concept of `one country, two systems', for example, was basically formulated to assure the Western world that China's priority was economic development. In order to retain the confidence of foreign investors in Hong Kong, Chinese leaders have promised that the territory's capitalist system will remain unchanged for at least 50 years from 1997.(Harris, 151) China's decision to shelve temporarily the issue of sovereignty in the South China Sea also reflects its desire to maintain harmonious relations with the United States of America that are propitious for China's trading environment. Works Cited Gerald Segal, `Tying China into the international sy stem', Survival 37(2), (Summer 2004), p. 70. Gideon Rachman, `Containing China', The Washington Quarterly 19(1), (Winter 1995), p. 132. Hans J. Morgenthau, Politics Among Nations: The Struggle for Power and Peace, revised 5th edition (New York: Alfred A.Knopf, 1978), p. 29. Kenneth Lieberthal, `A new China strategy', Foreign Affairs 74(6), (November/December 1995), p. 36. Michael Yahuda, ‘How much has China learned about interdependence? ‘, in David S. G. Goodman and Gerald Segal, eds. , China Rising: Nationalism and Interdependence (London: Routledge, 1997), p. 22. `Stay back, China', The Economist, (16 March 1996), p. 15. Stuart Harris, ‘China's role in the WTO and APEC', in Goodman and Segal, eds. , China Rising, p. 151.

Employee Training and Career Development Essay Example

Employee Training and Career Development Essay Example Employee Training and Career Development Essay Employee Training and Career Development Essay Employee Training and Career Development April 13, 2012 HRM/300 Fundamentals of Human Resource Management Carol House University of Phoenix Employee training and career development is very important to an organization because the success of the organization depends on the success of its employees. Organizations are always developing and implementing new technologies, strategic plans, and objectives. The training, development, and mentoring are the keys to growth of each of the organization goals. Organizational development is defined as being a systematic process to implement effective change within an organization. In the late 1960 organizational development was relatively unknown and had no proper definition. The organizations that used this theory implemented ideas of what they felt organizational development should be. Richard Beckhard who is an authority on organizational development defined it is, an effort, planned, organization-wide, and managed from the top, to increase organization effectiveness and health through planned interventions in the organizations processes, using behavioral-science knowledge (Organizational Development, 2012). Courses and programs on organizational development were being offered in business, education, and administration curricula in the 1970 and 1980. By the 2000 organizational development theories and strategies had grown and evolved and its influences can be found in reengineering, total quality management, job enrichment, and team b uilding. The role of training in an organizationâ„ ¢s development is key to the success of any organization. Training helps to develop skills, enhance skills, and self-growth amongst the employees. Training helps the organization to grow, reach goals, increase productivity, and keep the organization objectives on track. A company is only as good as is employee, if the employees are not properly trained the company cannot fulfill its mission or vision statement. When employees learn how to become more productive the company revenue will increase and new goal will need to be set. The first step to become more productivity is communication. Communication skills can be developed with team building actives. The second step is to have family and friendly work environment. The three step is for the employee to have respect. When employee can get alone they, are more productive and are easier to train in group setting. An organization needed to ensure that training is for all employees upper m anagement, middle management, support staff, and line employees. The management staff of an organization should be trained in leadership, delegation, giving and receiving feedback, and providing support to their employees, this will help to ensure the organizations culture and climate is warm and inviting. Training is also importation to the image of the organization. People want to work for an organization that encourages their employee to grow and promote within the organization and acquiring the proper image will help to bring in new hires. Organizational development and training are two importation roles to an organization and employee development is just as importation. Employee development is when the employee and the organization work together upgrade the employees knowledge, skills, and abilities. Some of the methods that can be used are personal development plans, leadership training, mentoring, and job rotation. Personal development plane is a plan that the employer and employee make to set personal professional goals for the employee. The plan would include a list of goals, how to achieving them, and were does the person see his or herself within the company in the next five years. Personal development plans are a good tool to help employees on track and encourage employees to do his or hers personal best. Leadership training is a method that companys use to help develop employees who show leadership skills. The employee will work closely with a manager or team leader to help improve their skills and set pe rsonal goal for themselves. This is also a way for employers to promote from within. Mentoring is the pairing of a manager with an employee, the manager will help the employee achieve more in his or her professional life. This could a supervisor mentoring a team leader or a team leader mentoring a line employee. Sometime line employee will mentor other line employee to help them go further within the company than he or she did. This program also help companies to promote from within and encourage employees do perform to his or her best. Job rotation is moving employees to various positions in the organization to expand their skills, knowledge, and abilities. There are two types of job rotation horizontal or vertical. Vertical job rotation would be promoting an employee up within the company. Horizontal job rotation would be when an employee move to jobs of a similar status. The first benefit to job rotation is burnout reduction. Employee who do the same the job everyday experien ce greater feelings of fatigue, apathy, boredom, and carelessness. Burnout can lead to promote decreased productivity, increased absenteeism, and increased likelihood of turnover. The second benefit is increased employee satisfaction. When employee are satisfied they can better identify their strengths and weaknesses. The last benefit is employee motivation. Employees are more motivated because they are given the opportunity to enhance and improve their skills, abilities, and competencies. Employee and organizational development are very similar but also very different. Employee development focus on the resource the organization provides to their employees to help them acquire new skills or accreditations. The organization will offer paid training class, team building actives, incentives to take leadership course, or financial support to obtain a degree. Employee development also involves management helping employee to set personal goals. Organizational development focus the organization management planned, organizational evolution, improving a businessâ„ ¢s effectiveness and profitability by using behavioral-science knowledge. The main function of organizational development is to careful analysis and study the organizational structures an organization. Also to keep the organization updated with new trends in the marketed place. They both include some form of education as an important component. In employee development the employee can choice what type of education he or she wants to take. With organizational development education has to fall in line with the specific plan that organization has outline out. This class would be conform to the organizationâ„ ¢s developmental goals not to the personal goals of the employees. The role of human resource management in career development to ensure that the employees of the organization are on the track to researching their career goals. HRM should ensure that employees have a clear understand of all the benefits that they organization offer. A good way to ensure that each employee has a clear understand is to make a personal goal list when he or she is first hired. It should include education, salary, position 410k plans, job rotation, outreach, and other personal goals of the employee. HRM should make sure the employees of the organization also have a clear understand of the organization strategic plan, objectives, and vision statement. HRM also has to make sure that the organization has the education resource in place to help the employees reach the goals set in their personal plan. In five years I would like to own a Avon store. I am currently an Avon representative and plan own starting the leadership program within the next six months. I want to increase my sale by 20 to 30 percent each year. To do this I am planning fundraisers and parties. Within the next year I want to have 10 to 12 representative in my team line. Having this many representative on my team will ensure that I have fully trained staff set in place. I could have employees to work the store and as outside representative. I believe that will all the employee development program Avon offer will be to reach my goals in no time. References Cromwell, J. (2012). Difference Between Employee Development Organizational Development. Retrieved from ehow.com/info_12170202_difference-between-employee-development-organizational-development.html Importance of Training and Development. (2010) Retrieved from shrm.org/hrdisciplines/orgempdev/Pages/OrgDevIntro.aspx Organizational Development. (2012). Retrieved from referenceforbusiness.com/management/Ob-Or/Organizational-Development.html Thompson, S. (2012). Role of Human Resources for Career Planning. Retrieved from ehow.com/about_7370181_role-human-resources-career-planning.html

The Writing Process

The Writing Process The Writing Process The Writing Process By Ali Hale Whether you know it or not, there’s a process to writing – which many writers follow naturally. If you’re just getting started as a writer, though, or if you always find it a struggle to produce an essay, short story or blog, following the writing process will help. I’m going to explain what each stage of the writing process involves, and I’ll offer some tips for each section that will help out if you’re still feeling stuck! 1. Prewriting Have you ever sat staring at a blank piece of paper or a blank document on your computer screen? You might have skipped the vital first stage of the writing process: prewriting. This covers everything you do before starting your rough draft. As a minimum, prewriting means coming up with an idea! Ideas and Inspiration Ideas are all around you. If you want to write but you don’t have any ideas, try: Using a writing prompt to get you started. Writing about incidents from your daily life, or childhood. Keeping a notebook of ideas – jotting down those thoughts that occur throughout the day. Creating a vivid character, and then writing about him/her. See also How to Generate Hundreds of Writing Ideas. Tip: Once you have an idea, you need to expand on it. Don’t make the mistake of jumping straight into your writing – you’ll end up with a badly structured piece. Building on Your Idea These are a couple of popular methods you can use to add flesh to the bones of your idea: Free writing: Open a new document or start a new page, and write everything that comes into your head about your chosen topic. Don’t stop to edit, even if you make mistakes. Brainstorming: Write the idea or topic in the center of your page. Jot down ideas that arise from it – sub-topics or directions you could take with the article. Once you’ve done one or both of these, you need to select what’s going into your first draft. Planning and Structure Some pieces of writing will require more planning than others. Typically, longer pieces and academic papers need a lot of thought at this stage. First, decide which ideas you’ll use. During your free writing and brainstorming, you’ll have come up with lots of thoughts. Some belong in this piece of writing: others can be kept for another time. Then, decide how to order those ideas. Try to have a logical progression. Sometimes, your topic will make this easy: in this article, for instance, it made sense to take each step of the writing process in order. For a short story, try the eight-point story arc. 2. Writing Sit down with your plan beside you, and start your first draft (also known as the rough draft or rough copy). At this stage, don’t think about word-count, grammar, spelling and punctuation. Don’t worry if you’ve gone off-topic, or if some sections of your plan don’t fit too well. Just keep writing! If you’re a new writer, you might be surprised that professional authors go through multiple drafts before they’re happy with their work. This is a normal part of the writing process – no-one gets it right first time. Some things that many writers find helpful when working on the first draft include: Setting aside at least thirty minutes to concentrate: it’s hard to establish a writing flow if you’re just snatching a few minutes here and there. Going somewhere without interruptions: a library or coffee shop can work well, if you don’t have anywhere quiet to write at home. Switching off distracting programs: if you write your first draft onto a computer, you might find that turning off your Internet connection does wonders for your concentration levels! When I’m writing fiction, I like to use the free program Dark Room (you can find more about it on our collection of writing software). You might write several drafts, especially if you’re working on fiction. Your subsequent drafts will probably merge elements of the writing stage and the revising stage. Tip: Writing requires concentration and energy. If you’re a new writer, don’t try to write for hours without stopping. Instead, give yourself a time limit (like thirty minutes) to really focus – without checking your email! 3. Revising Revising your work is about making â€Å"big picture† changes. You might remove whole sections, rewrite entire paragraphs, and add in information which you’ve realized the reader will need. Everyone needs to revise – even talented writers. The revision stage is sometimes summed up with the A.R.R.R. (Adding, Rearranging, Removing, Replacing) approach: Adding What else does the reader need to know? If you haven’t met the required word-count, what areas could you expand on? This is a good point to go back to your prewriting notes – look for ideas which you didn’t use. Rearranging Even when you’ve planned your piece, sections may need rearranging. Perhaps as you wrote your essay, you found that the argument would flow better if you reordered your paragraphs. Maybe you’ve written a short story that drags in the middle but packs in too much at the end. Removing Sometimes, one of your ideas doesn’t work out. Perhaps you’ve gone over the word count, and you need to take out a few paragraphs. Maybe that funny story doesn’t really fit with the rest of your article. Replacing Would more vivid details help bring your piece to life? Do you need to look for stronger examples and quotations to support your argument? If a particular paragraph isn’t working, try rewriting it. Tip: If you’re not sure what’s working and what isn’t, show your writing to someone else. This might be a writers’ circle, or just a friend who’s good with words. Ask them for feedback. It’s best if you can show your work to several people, so that you can get more than one opinion. 4. Editing The editing stage is distinct from revision, and needs to be done after revising. Editing involves the close-up view of individual sentences and words. It needs to be done after you’ve made revisions on a big scale: or else you could agonize over a perfect sentence, only to end up cutting that whole paragraph from your piece. When editing, go through your piece line by line, and make sure that each sentence, phrase and word is as strong as possible. Some things to check for are: Have you used the same word too many times in one sentence or paragraph? Use a thesaurus to find alternatives. Are any of your sentences hard to understand? Rewrite them to make your thoughts clear. Which words could you cut to make a sentence stronger? Words like â€Å"just† â€Å"quite†, â€Å"very†, â€Å"really† and â€Å"generally† can often be removed. Are your sentences grammatically correct? Keep a careful look out for problems like subject-verb agreement and staying consistent in your use of the past, present or future tense. Is everything spelt correctly? Don’t trust your spell-checker – it won’t pick up every mistake. Proofread as many times as necessary. Have you used punctuation marks correctly? Commas often cause difficulties. You might want to check out the Daily Writing Tips articles on punctuation. Tip: Print out your work and edit on paper. Many writers find it easier to spot mistakes this way. 5. Publishing The final step of the writing process is publishing. This means different things depending on the piece you’re working on. Bloggers need to upload, format and post their piece of completed work. Students need to produce a final copy of their work, in the correct format. This often means adding a bibliography, ensuring that citations are correct, and adding details such as your student reference number. Journalists need to submit their piece (usually called â€Å"copy†) to an editor. Again, there will be a certain format for this. Fiction writers may be sending their story to a magazine or competition. Check guidelines carefully, and make sure you follow them. If you’ve written a novel, look for an agent who represents your genre. (There are books like Writer’s Market, published each year, which can help you with this.) Tip: Your piece of writing might never be published. That’s okay – many bestselling authors wrote lots of stories or articles before they got their first piece published. Nothing that you write is wasted, because it all contributes to your growth as a writer. Conclusion The five stages of the writing process are a framework for writing well and easily. You might want to bookmark this post so that you can come back to it each time you start on a new article, blog post, essay or story: use it as a checklist to help you. If you have any tips about the writing process, or if you want to share your experiences, tell us in the comments! Check Out Other Articles from The Writing 101 Series: The Writing Process Creative Writing 101 Story Writing 101 Letter Writing 101 Business Writing 101 Freelance Writing 101 Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Writing Basics category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:100 Words for Facial Expressions26 Feel-Good WordsHow Do You Pronounce "Mozart"?

Foundation of Criminal Law Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Foundation of Criminal Law - Assignment Example Recklessness may constitute offenses that involve considerable danger to another person or against property. N.P. Metcalfe and A.J. Ashworth, in their case commentary, Arson: mens rea - recklessness whether property destroyed or damaged’ (2004) Crim L R 369, analyse and critically evaluate the decisions of the House of Lords in R v G [2003] UKHL 50; [2004] 1 A.C. 1034 and R. v Caldwell (James) [1982] A.C. 341. This paper will briefly identify the key arguments that were advanced in the commentary and discuss whether Metcalfe and Ashworth’s critical evaluation of the tow decisions is persuasively argued. In the case of R v Caldwell, Metcalfe and Ashworth comment that throughout the judgement of R v Caldwell, Lord Diplock appeared to only address his mind to the class of defendant who would normally have the capacity of foreseeing the risk. They thus argue that this narrow focus in the case is what subsequently led to the arising of the problems in this case. They further comment that the House of Lords did not consider particular classes of defendant who would not be able to foresee any risk, even though they could have been asked to think about foreseeing. Metcalfe and Ashworth also made a commentary in the decision of the House of Lords relating to mens rea and which was quite related to the case of R v Caldwell; this was the case of R v G. In this case, the issue was whether the children of eight or more years are able to have an understanding of the difference between right and wrong, and if the test of â€Å"obviousness† might operate fairly for the defendants who were of 11 and 12 years age if they were held to similar standard as reasonable adults. 4 The House of Lords in this respect stated that a person can be considered to act â€Å"recklessly† if: he is in a circumstance that he is aware that a risk will or exists; in a result when he is aware that a risk will happen; and if it occurs to him that it is unreasonable to take risk, in circumstances that are known to him.5 Moreover, in their commentary, Metcalfe and Ashworth noted how the House of Lords in R v G departed from the House of Lords’ decision in R v Caldwell. Metcalfe and Ashworth argue that Lord Diplock’s ruling in R v Caldwell could not be supported by statutory interpretations, as both Lord Bingham and Lord Steyn clearly spelt out in R v G. Besides, they comment that the considerations in R v Caldwell not only misinterpreted the statute, but also went against the principle that require subjective mens rea for serious crime conviction, and which led to unfair results that may not be either just or moral. They also point out how application of the decision in R v Caldwell would amount to injustice as it violates the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child.6 Metcalfe and Ashworth acknowledge in their commentary that the meaning of â€Å"recklessness† cannot only be applied in the Criminal Damage Act as had seemed to be implied in R v Caldwell. They note that Lord Bingham in the case of R v G though that Lord Diplock and other majority members in R v Caldwell were so set in the course to an extent that they cou ld not have reached a different outcome regarding the case involving the capacity of children and young persons. Metcalfe and Ashworth argue that their was stubbornness in the interpretation of â€Å"reckless† in R v Caldwell and other similar cases in 1980s, a

Multinational Corporations and Their Consequences for the Essay

Multinational Corporations and Their Consequences for the International Economy - Essay Example Several studies have reported the expansion of FDI and investigated the effect of such investments on host and home economies. The objective of this essay is to analyze and discuss the consequences of multinational corporations for the international economy. The Multinational Corporation and the International Economy The multinational corporation (MNC), also called international corporation, global corporation, transnational corporation (TNC), and so on, carry out globally all the operations that involve the standing of national states in the international economy (Frieden & Lake 1999, 167). MNCs, with their surplus of inter-firm agreements and huge number of foreign partners, reach almost all forms of economic mechanisms and nations, making it an imposing entity in today’s international economy (Levy-Livermore 1998, 147). MNCs have been expanding and advancing all over the world quite dramatically. Even though these corporations from the highly industrialized nations still co ntrol the global landscape, MNCs from the developing economies are emerging rapidly and increasingly. Thus far, there is no generally recognized definition of multinational corporation. ... Firms that participate in international business, however large they may be, solely by exporting or by licensing technology are not multinational enterprises. As an outcome of the process of liberalization, multinational corporations have been expanding rapidly in the developing economies. Almost all of the foreign partners of these corporations are located in the developing countries. The eager acceptance of national governments of MNCs suggests that these corporations serve a major function in economic growth. They significantly contribute to the improvement of the host countries’ economy, technology, exports, employment, and domestic investment. However, even though the host countries can gain more than a few benefits from these corporations, MNCs create numerous problems especially for the developing economies. They could tear down local companies through disproportionate competition, gain control of the market through acquisition of local companies or other ways (Ravenhil l 2008, 278). The MNCs’ operations and technologies which are geared toward global profit capitalization may not be suitable to the availability of resources, the size of local markets, consumption requirements, and the phase of development of a number of the developing economies. They may bring about rapid exhaustion of volumes of valuable, nonrenewable natural resources in the host country (Frieden & Lake 1999, 165). All these highlight the importance of a code of conduct for these corporations and a binding competition rules in the host economies. In addition, a number of MNCs are suspected of human rights violation and political manipulation.