Cost Accounting 14th Edition Problem 15-35

COST ACCOUNTING P 15-35 Required: 1. Using selling prices, allocate the $1,000 gateway-package revenue to the three divisions using: a. The stand-alone revenue-allocation method | Selling Price| Rev. Allocation| Precio por cuarto para dos personas 2 noches| $800| $581. 82| Dos â€Å"rounds† de golf con precio de | 375| 272. 73| Una cena para dos| 200| 145. 45| | $1,375| $1,000| b. The incremental revenue-allocation method | Selling Price| Rev. Allocation| Dos â€Å"rounds† de golf con precio de | $375| $375| Precio por cuarto para dos personas 2 noches| 800| 625| Una cena para dos| 200| 0| $1,375| $1,000| 2. What are the pros and cons of the two methods in requirement 1? Pros sobre el â€Å"stand alone†: 1. Cada elemento en el â€Å"bundle† recibe una porcion del ingreso. 2. Es un metodo simple para implementar. Contras sobre el â€Å"stand-alone† 1. Este metodo puede ignorar la importancia que le da el cliente a cada elemento del â€Å"bundle†. Por ejemplo, algunos clientes pueden estar interesados en el golf y no en la cena y viceversa. Pros sobre el metodo incremental: 1. Una vez se determina que secuencia utilizar para asignar, la implementacion es automatica.Contras sobre el metodo incremental: 1. Algunos productos no van a recibir asignacion de ingresos. Aun cuando se incurran los costos, no recibe asignacion de ingresos. 3. Because the recreation division is able to book the golf course at 100% capacity, the company CEO has decided to revise the Gateway package to only include the lodging and food offerings shown previously. The new package will sell for $900. Allocate the revenue to the lodging and food divisions using the following: 1. The Shapely value method.Incremental-Revenue Allocation Method|   | Weighted Shapely Value| Primary Product 1st| Unit SP| Allocation| W| Lodging| Food| Lodging|   |   | $800 | $800 | 1| $800 |   | Food|   |   |   | 200 | 100 | 1|   | $100 | | | | | | $1,000 | $900 | |   |   | | | | | | | | |   |   | Primary Product 1st| Unit SP| Allocation| |   |   | Food|   |   |   | $200 | $200 | 1|   | 200 | Lodging|   |   | 800 | 700 | 1| 700 |   | | | | | | $1,000 | $900 | |   |   | | | | | | | | | $750 | $150 | | | | | | | | | | | 2. The weighted Shapely value method, assuming that lodging is three times as likely to sell as the food.Incremental-Revenue Allocation Method|   | Weighted Shapely Value| Primary Product 1st (1)| Unit SP| Allocation| W| Lodging| Food| Lodging|   |   | $800 | $800 | 3| $2,400 |   | Food|   |   |   | 200 | 100 | 3|   | $300 | | | | | | $1,000 | $900 | |   |   | | | | | | | | |   |   | Primary Product 1st (2)| Unit SP| Allocation| |   |   | Food|   |   |   | $200 | $200 | 1|   | 200 | Lodging|   |   | 800 | 700 | 1| 700 |   | | | | | | $1,000 | $900 | |   |   | | | | | | | | | $775 | $125 | | | | | | | | | (1) Lo mas probable sucedera 3 de 4 veces. (2) Lo mas probable sucedera 1 de 4 veces.

Saudi Arabian Earrings

Saudi Arabia is known for having a rich culture. This is one of the countries where traditional costumes, jewelries and ornaments still matter. Women in Saudi Arabia use earrings as part of their customary beliefs and cultural practices. And as such, Saudi Arabia’s market is being targeted for this purpose. Since earrings are used as ornaments in the Saudi Arabian culture, women are very sensitive and particular in choosing and buying the earrings that are appropriate for their culture. Aside from these, Saudi Arabian women spend a lot on jewelries and they are less particular of the price and quantity as long as the item satisfies their need for it. And since we are going to develop a product that aims to capture women's attention because of the use of timeless stones, worthy and affordable accessories, and creative and elegant designs, Saudi Arabia was chosen to be the target market of this product. Mass Marketing Since earrings are perceived as necessary products in Saudi Arabia, the item is subject to mass marketing. No particular group in the country will be targeted for the product, as such, this means that this product can be introduced to a larger market. Thus, as marketers we will make variety of designs for the customers. This product is expected to be patronized by females from different classes. We are going to produce earrings of different designs in order to capture the attention of women from upper and lower classes. Aside from women, men can also be a target market because they may purchase earrings as gifts to their female family members. Segmentation In developing a product, the common needs and wants of the market should be identified first (â€Å"Market Segmentation†). This product was planned to be distributed to Saudi Arabia based on psychographic segmentation. Saudi Arabia was targeted for the product because they share the same values and lifestyle. Because of that, it will be easier for us to distribute and sell our product to this country. Multiple Segment We will develop different versions of the product offering for each segment. Since mass marketing will be applied, it is important that the product will have variety of designs. The upper class may buy the earrings with a larger stone but the customers who belong to lower class would refer to buy earrings with the most affordable price (â€Å"Market Segmentation†). For Bedouin women, we will create earrings that will be suitable for their social and economical status while some designs will be intended for married women (Ross). Other earrings will be designed for some Saudi Arabian traditions such as dowry and gifts for special occasions. Positioning It is indeed true there are a lot of competitors in the market. The product to be endorsed is no longer new in the market because a lot of manufacturers have also developed this kind of product. Yet, in order to be ahead of the competition, we would create a unique selling proposition so that the customers will buy the product instead of the others’. We will endorse this product not only as symbol of their culture and beliefs but also as a fashion trend. Our product has an elegant style which can be used in all occasions and events. Aside from that, the advertisement would highlight how the product was carefully designed especially for the women of Saudi Arabia. We created a lot of styles so that the customers can choose from variety of designs of the product. As such, in order to fully capture the interest of the target market and to entice them into patronizing our product, we must be able to identify our products with our selected target markets (Pezzullo 142). Target Concentrated. Although the mass marketing was applied and the product was created with different designs, the earrings will be distributed only in this country. We will concentrate on distributing and creating earrings for the target market only for the mere reason that the product was exclusively made for Saudi Arabian women. Through this strategy of specializing our product, the distribution and promotional tactics, our limited resources will be utilized in order to attain the highest level of benefits that can be gained from it (Pezzullo 142).

Criminal Law Undergraduate Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Criminal Law Undergraduate - Essay Example Sami wins the race. As Sami is on the winner’s podium to receive his medal, Leila, in protest that her home was compulsorily purchased to make way for the Velodrome, where the cycling has taken place, throws paint over the suit of the official presenting the medals. In order to determine the criminal liability of Sami and Leila it will be necessary to consider any possible offence that might have been committed under the Criminal Damage Act 1971. For completeness, consideration should also be given to any form of assault charge that either might face following their actions. Consideration will need to be given to the requisite actus reus and mens rea of any possible offences, as well as any possible defences each party might raise to minimise their actions. In order to determine possible charges it will be necessary to examine the wording of the 1971 Act, to analyse the required elements of the offence. (1)A person who without lawful excuse destroys or damages any property belonging to another intending to destroy or damage any such property or being reckless as to whether any such property would be destroyed or damaged shall be guilty of an offence. When considering the criminal liability of Sami it is also necessary to consider the seriousness of his actions, as the loosening of the screw on the bicycle was likely to cause Karl to have an accident, which could have been fatal. The 1971 Act deals specifically with such a possibility. Under s1(2) it states According to the 1971 Act, a person can be said to have the necessary mens rea for the offence if they either intended to damage the property of another, or were reckless as to whether their actions might cause such damage. It is therefore not necessary to prove that they had direct intention, but merely that they ought to have perceived that their actions might cause damage. One of the elements the court will consider when determining whether the actions of

Impotance of career planning Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Impotance of career planning - Essay Example As a function of such differing aspects of personal well being and growth, this brief analysis will consider a few of the reasons why career planning is essential to maximizing success and satisfaction in life. In order to accomplish such an analysis and/or investigation, this author will integrate with career planning based upon the following determinants: the necessity of performing career planning in order to define and differentiate what actions must be accomplished in order to direct ones path towards the ultimate goal as well as the necessity of career planning in order to maximize satisfaction. Firstly, the reader can and should integrate with an understanding of the fact that it is necessary in order for the individual to make something of a road map of future actions that must be completed in order to realize the goals they have set for themselves. One can easily take a quick glance around their local academic institution and quickly realize that a very large majority of the students within the system have not a clue or the foggiest notion with regards to how they will accomplish the goals after university. As a function of this, creating a set of metrics and milestones that will help define and guide the shareholder in the correct direction is a requirement to proper career planning (Babik 7). This is not to say that career planning is something of a concrete science that cannot be bent or changed as time goes on. Rather, it is the understanding of this author that unexpected eventualities will shift the way in which the shareholder expects to accomplish the goals that he/she has set; however, having a plan and being able to change that plan is of vital importance due to the fact that without it there is little hope that much in the way of proactive planning or thinking will be accomplished. An aspect of career planning that is often ignored is the fact that proper career planning can easily help an individual to realizes a far greater degree of satis faction than they would had they not engaged in any level of planning (Chen & Fulmer 15). This strikes at the very root of what proper career planning can effect due to the fact that this is the connection between hopes, dreams and realities. Without a clear idea in mind of the aspects of one’s career that can bring the highest level of success and personal satisfaction, the individual oftentimes finds themselves in situations that hardly resemble what they had previously imagined (Magnuson & Starr 99). This is not to say that without proper career planning the individual will necessarily find themselves in a miserable career with little to no satisfaction in the work that they are performing; rather, it merely helps to underscore the fact that without career planning the likelihood that satisfaction will be evidenced in one’s work environment is necessarily reduced (Greenhaus 4). As a function of these determinants that have been listed in this brief analysis, the rea der can come to the understanding that proper career planning is an integral component of helping to maximize personal satisfaction and success. By creating a definitive road map for how key

International Systems Corporatin Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

International Systems Corporatin - Case Study Example The most significant problems that are affecting the plant include, material cost and a bad co-ordination between Research & Development people and Production engineers. Repeated design changing is making the overall cost higher. Had been designs coming from R & D section go directly for production without any more rectification, cost would have lowered. There is a dispute between R & D and Production peoples. One is blaming the other, which forces me to incorporate one special investigation team to govern actually where the conflict is. One design after coming to Production section does not reserves the right to be changed without proper notification to me. According to the notice sent by Employee & Community Relation Manager, we need to hire women and people of color very soon and make sure a higher percentage will be recruited into Production section which requires more effective manpower. Nothing is born perfect. We have to give the color of perfection. Question is not how effective we are, rather question is how much more we have to be. There must be a good relation among the people in the department as well as within various departments. After getting sure that design is complete and may rule over the market then only materials should be purchased. Otherwise it's immaterial to periodically purchase and change the model structure. To set up good relationship, weekly meetings will be organized where all the in- charges of various sections may come with their ambiguities and questions if any. Other than this, picnic party, cultural activities will help the employees to intermingle. As Baker and Baker is interested for our model 80, so production engineers must do their work to make the product available as soon as possible. After that only other models and multi channel digital system will be carried out. As we are hiring people, later on works can be split up. The product whose design is about to complete; before going to production department, requisites must be sent to material management people. If after purchasing any such modification is required, it should be done showing valid cause before me. Finally, instead of maintaining own records department heads are requested to provide necessary information to the finance authority. Response to Robert Strauss We all know that company is running above the projected expenditure for last few months especially due to higher material cost. I have understood the actual reason behind it. It has been decided, next time onwards prior to sending the design to production department, a list of required materials will be given to your department. And also designers/production peoples are not allowed to change the design so easily ensuring proper utilization of the resources purchased. Model 95 will be told to stall for a moment till model 80 gets done. Another discussion I want to make with you regarding the materials that remain unutilized due to the changing of designs. We will check if

Business Law - Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Business Law - - Term Paper Example The basic premise of this Act is to maintain good competition in the business life of the corporates. Competition Act aims at regulating the competition and defeating the acts by people who have tried to thwart competition in their respective jurisdictions. It has aimed at attempting to draw a line in anti-competitive activities. The Act has been designed in order to pave a way for the extinguishment of anti-competitive activities. The Act had been at the centre of curbing anti-competitive practices which have been performed by the companies who have been trading on in the business circle. â€Å"Legislation enacted by the federal and various state governments to regulate trade and commerce by preventing unlawful restraints, price-fixing, and monopolies; to promote competition; and to encourage the production of quality goods and services at the lowest prices, with the primary goal of safeguarding public welfare by ensuring that consumer demands will be met by the manufacture and sale of goods at reasonable prices.† The new Act defines a ‘dominant position’ ; what constitutes an abuse of such a dominant position and how are they interrelated. As mentioned in the Competition Act, being of the nature of a dominant enterprise does not constitute to an anti-competitive practice, but the fact when such dominant undertakings misuses their power in the competition to restrict it or to have a negative impact on it amounts to an anti-competitive practice which is prohibited in the Indian competition laws. In the case of N. V. Netherlands Banden Industrie Michelin v. Commission of the European Communities , the question arose to the court as to whether or not an enterprise which is dominant in nature leads to the violation of competition laws prevalent in the EU. It was held that â€Å"an undertaking having a dominant position is not a recrimination but simply means that irrespective of the reasons for which it has such a dominant position,

Forced Migration Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Forced Migration - Essay Example A major reason that has intensified forced migration is the international terrorism which is being driven by certain religious ideologies.   For instance, the notorious organizations like the Al- Qaeda and Taliban which have targeted the conversion of entire world in to Islam, consider all other religious groups as their foes.   This Spiritual Terrorism addresses itself as Jihad.   Although they are against all governments, their major concern seems to be the United States of America and some other European nations that have a colonial or imperial history. The global terrorism has left far reaching consequences on the social, moral and economic areas of the present world. People suspect the members of other ethnic groups and that leads to communal riots and violence in many parts of the world. The recent terror attacks and current warfare in the countries like Afghanistan, Pakistan, Iraq, and Palestine etc. have produced thousands of refugees. The moral concept of the world is highly affected by terrorist distractions. Children and women are being exploited and victimized more than ever before. Crimes such as smuggling, looting and sex racketing flourish along with every terror attempt. Terrorists invest huge amounts in their operations to attract youngsters of poor financial and educational backgrounds.   The number of death and migration occurred during the terror attacks, and further due to the war against terror are beyond any statistics. Thousands of children every year become homeless and women miss their husbands and fathers for the sake of terrorism. Horrible uncertainty is prevailing in many of the countries which are having terrorist influence.  Unexpected climate changes and natural calamities also often compel people to move from one place to another. Irrespective of geographical differences every population is under the threat of forced migration which can be caused by climate change or other ecological catastrophe. Natural phenomena such as sea level rise, hurricanes and typhoons, drought, wildfire, heat waves, volcanoes, and earthquakes result in massive migration every year in many parts of the world. Millions of people become homeless who are often called ecological refugees. These causes are absolutely natural and there is no significant connection with any sort of global change. In addition to these environmental reasons, sometimes governments’ infrastructure projects also cause forced migration which can be attributed to global change. For instance, building of dams, roads or tourist resorts often demand people to leave their place. World Bank estimates that 90 million people were displaced in the 1990s as a result of infrastructure projects (Digby B, 2001). In fact there are only a few causes like globalization, financial policies, and infrastructure modification that are closely associated with global change.

E-Commerce Business Models And Concepts Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

E-Commerce Business Models And Concepts - Essay Example Due to this, they end up not meeting the set objectives and being ineffective. The core reason of this is poor development, and the fact that most of these sites do not meet minimum software quality requirements. As the business world becomes more competitive, website firmly hold the position of one of the most crucial tools a company must possess in order to maintain a competitive advantage. Armed with an e-commerce site companies become more flexible, and are able to adjust accordingly with market dynamics. It is evident that many companies now realize the importance of websites as a tool to gain market share and improve sales. This paper is intended to highlight the essential parts of quality e commerce sites, and through the identification of current market trends show the best concepts applicable in a successful online store. Business Background http://www.horchow.com/: The Horchow management structure consists of activities such as the allocation of tasks, supervision and coord ination, which are directed towards the accomplishment of the aims of the company. The company structure mainly participates in the accomplishment of the company goals this is because the company has several dedicated employees whose main agenda is to assist the company to achieve his company's goals. Most flourishing companies like unique home decor, Paul Michael Company, Bensons would not have reached the places they are without their websites (Plumley & Wyrostek, 2011). Horchow has several supervisor is in each and every department, this ensures the employees work up to the required standard. This contributes to the making of designing high quality decor products because the management has catered everything governing the employees work. The company uses various business models to make it distinct from other companies. The business models also help to describe the organizational architecture of capture mechanisms, delivery which are employed by the company's enterprise. The compa ny has applied business models such as, collecting intelligence, user generated content, and improving the available systems. It also uses transport services such as airline and private courier services to ensure their products are available all over the continent. The goals of the business are primarily marketing the products on sale and making sure they increase their profits though online sale and delivery. The company also seeks to be capable of running consumer satisfaction surveys so as to assist they gauge their progress. Finally, the ultimate goal is to ensure that the company becomes a reputable and among the most respected and successful in this field of business The website will, therefore, be designed so as to make sure the company achieves most of its goals in the most efficient way possible. The website will become a partial platform for the marketing department. This is because many people nowadays depend on the internet for many things, making it an easier place to a ccess customers. The products will be marketed by posting them on the website and giving information on the latest home decors awaiting release and those already in the market. In order to enhance marketing, company will have to alias with the most visited websites and have accounts in social platforms such as Facebook, linked in, twitter and MySpace among others. Secondly the company will should be able to give customers the ability to purchase items and request them to get delivered to supported locations. The products shall be priced ant the availability of a customer to purchase the items collectively using a virtual card. This will

Introduction to Political Science Quiz Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Introduction to Political Science Quiz - Essay Example This was manifest in Egypt during the week that preceded the resignation of the country’s president Hosni Mubarak, whereby the entire rate of the use of social networks in eliminating poor leadership reached fever pitch. The Cold War began shortly after the World War II 1945 to around 1965. The fatal attack on Russia by Germany, which swayed the Italians to support the Allies, coupled by American intervention improved the Allies’ military strength shortly before 1945. The Germans and Japanese were deterred from taking territorial treasures and natural resources in Europe and Asia. The death of Adolf Hitler in 1945 signaled truce in Europe. Germany was attacked by the American Russian troops from the west and East respectively, defeating the Germans. Then quiet hostility became apparent again, the only common source of awe being the likely use of nuclear weapons. This fermented anxiety and dislike for combat, thus prompting the coining of the expression Cold War to refer to the situation (Fukuyama 321-362). The United States stood for capitalism, while the arch-rival Soviet Union preferred Communism, however after the disintegration of the latter power, capitalism became the government system preferred by the global hegemonic US. This jostling for political influence saw division of the entire Europe and Asia, with regional states either welcoming or being coerced into accepting one side. The concept of global hegemony was based on several local and global issues such as military alliances, political half truths, jostling for armaments, intelligence and growth of technology, especially the kind that would give a country a destructive edge between the US and the Soviet Union (Weinert 5-25). 3. Professor Fukuyama strives to depict the origins of political development from Chinese, Indian and Muslim history as well as the rise of the Mongols and the Ottoman Empire. Differentiate

Trip to the Museum of Brands Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Trip to the Museum of Brands - Essay Example I will concisely examine the past and current campaigns of Coca-Cola in order to reinforce its connection with its brand communication strategy. Given the massive popularity and influence of Coca-Cola, it can be claimed that the brand ultimately stands for fun, freedom and refreshment. Its focus on imparting the benefits of strong familial bond, as well as the advantages of having genuine social relationships have elevated the value of the brand from mere functional to emotional. Drinking Coke does not only mean consuming a beverage, but also adhering to what the brand stands for. Firstly, Coke’s trademark cursive script logo was in 1886 by Frank M. Robinson. As later on claimed by Robinson, the use of two Cs in the logo will help the product stand out from its competition. Since the same logo has remained for the past 120 years, it is estimated to cost $67 billion. Introduction Visiting the Museum of Brands has truly helped me understand the role of branding in not only furthering business growth, but also in influencing people’s lives. For this paper, I would like to critically analyze Coca-Cola as a brand. In this regard, I shall first provide a brief background on what I deem the overall branding strategy of Coca-Cola is, To provide a short outline of this report, I wish to start with a brief review of what branding is and how it relates to owning a specific image in the consumer’s minds. Then, I shall discuss the brands that struck my interest during the trip to the Museum of Brands. After this, I will conclude this report by sharing my insights on my experience. Branding, as Stine (2010) highlighted in his paper entitled â€Å"The Nine Principles of Branding†, is essentially about communicating the unique differentiation of one product in relation to its competitors. Through the proper combination of striking statements and creative visuals, branding is able to elevate the relevance of the highlighted product in the daily lives of the consumers.

Romeo and Juliet essay Baz Luhrmanhas Essay Example for Free

Romeo and Juliet essay Baz Luhrmanhas Essay Baz Luhrman has updated the screenplay of Romeo and Juliet. The scene is placed in America what is perfect for this screenplay. This screenplay suits America as it has a very violent place. Caused by gang warfare and gun being legal. Romeo and Juliet, it has a lot of sword fights and murders. Themes have a very important part of this love story; the whole story is based on opposites. The director Baz Luhrman has set the scene very well and has chosen the important parts that will make sense. The setting of America is good as drive-by shooting happen all the time and it has gangster who rule the streets by fighting, stabbing, shooting and killing in any form to win. It in Californian what is a built up place, and has not very built up areas around it. The themes have made this play what it is; it uses themes like love-hate and life-death. The opening scene starts off with the main credits, it has a black background what give tension to the start of the play. The characters in the credits seem every serious except Paris who is a neutral person in the families grudges. And in the beginning he shows a lot of faces as it shows emotion, this giving him to push the audience to the scene. Blood is even a theme as he uses to persuade you that it going to be gory as first impressions are vital. The first make setting is in a car were the Montague boys are, their wearing beach boy clothing, their very loud, got very simple hair cuts what shows hard people as personal in the armys have simple haircuts and they shout abuse to other people in the streets. They arrive at a petrol station, and Benvilo walks outer sight, which seams to be the leader of the pack as he driving the car. You then get a camera shot of a car with the licence plate printed on them Capulet, as there the other family that is in the civil war with there own family. Tybut steps out the car but u dont see his face and that he lighted a cigarette in a petrol station. Fire and petrol do not mix so this will build the audience and make them respond to his presence. He disappears and it end up with Gregory and Samson and Abram and an unknown person. Abram sees the montages and walks over to them and scares them. They do not want to seem weak or scared so they insult them with a hand gesture. This starts a argument what spirals out of control, they draw their guns with two on each side, Benvilo steps out and calls for peace but he draws his gun, this is an opposite as he want peace but draws a lethal weapon. This is a theme as it an opposite, this opposite is a peace-violent theme. The Capulets boys are very well dressed and seem to be care about there appearance by wearing expensive clothes, there look like gangsters as they like to dress well and need to make an impression from their appearance. This gangster thing comes into all parts of their life as Tybalt called the prince of cats his name tell you that he got leadership and power as he a prince and their in a powerful family. Abram is a very well built person he tall and has a wide body showing power as he seem to have strength. Peter seems least powerful as u only see him partly plus hes in the back of the car. The Capulet boys seem organised as they knew what to do in a gun fight, they did not back down and had no hesitation in drawing their guns. They seem not bothered to draw their guns and seem to not care about rules and Tybult is smoking in the petrol station. The Montague boys seem less organised and prepared for a gun fight as when they insulted Abram they started hesitating and did some panic gesture by the way Samson picked up the petrol pump and started wobbling and was shaking with it. Benvilo seem most powerful as he driving the car, and has the better built body. Samson and Gregory seem less powerful as they talk to Benvilo as he a leader and that they had to try and impress Benvilo with the ways they react to other people. When Benvilo has gone into the toilet the other two are very scared by Abram presence and they panic when they draw their guns. Benvilo walks back and draws his gun without panic but he try to call the peace, Benvilo name in Italian means peacemaker. This shows he not a violent person. Tybult walks back into the scene and want the conflict to carry on. Romeo is a very lonely person who does not seem to have a great relationship with his parents. Romeo is a very romantic young man, as he loves to be in love. He seems to be very confused about what is love and whom he loves; this is shown from lines 165-177. Romeo is not a violent person who the audience makes out to be a very perfect person. The pun that is said about him is in relationship to him love being in love. Benvilo says he has been walking around near a sycamore tree, he is saying that Romeo has got love sickness. Mr and Mrs Montague seem to be very wealthy as their travelling around in a limo, they are wearing very expensive clothes and other items. The Capulet parents seem to live the same lives of the Montague. They have expensive clothes a very nice house and they have expensive cars. Paris is a neutral person in this civil brawl, he want to marry Juliet but Juliet does not want to marry Paris, This is a arranged married as her parents want Paris to be her husband as he got a good job prospects and is a very nice young gentleman. The prince of Verona is a neutral person as he has family on both sides; he in charge of the town, in the film Baz has interoperated him as a chief of police. He is very concise as he gets to the point when he tells the family both in the civil brawl that one more outburst will result in their lives paying the price. Juliet is a very young woman who does not love Paris, she does not want what her parents want her, what in those days was very rude. Baz Luhrman has used the same language except he cut parts out that of the original screenplay. There is a lot of puns what are jokes what are words that mean two different things. The start of the play starts off with a series of puns based on the word coal and colliers. This would not make sense to a modern day audience as there Elizabethan phrases. These series of puns have been cut out as no one would understand them and it would not make sense, and this would cause problems with tension building and first impression as there most important in a film as it plans out the rest of the film.

The PEACE Domestic Violence Agency Summary Essay Example for Free

The PEACE Domestic Violence Agency Summary Essay Introduction It was not that long ago that what transpired at home was considered a secretive, a personal matter and was not looked at by the public. Within the last few years, there has been an rise in awareness of the importance of child abuse and negligence, spouse/partner mistreatment, and elder cruelty not only as serious societal problems but also as crimes. The PEACE Domestic Violence Agency was step up to help individuals break through the barriers. Overview of the Program The PEACE Domestic Violence Agency is a non-profit organization that is based out of Portland Oregon. With this program, they will empower survivors, promote recovery through direct services, and reduce victim trauma. They will support the health of their clients. Along with providing help for the young people whom have been in the legal system, and reduce the prevalence of domestic violence through increased service provision, awareness, and education. Assessment Assessments are an important tool for any organization especially for the PEACE agency they are used to expand their abilities to obtain future funding, validate its accountability, fulfill objectives, and enhance its operation. For the PEACE agency, using an empowerment approach will help program staff to understand the effectiveness of the program in which they serve by assessing the clients’ observation of the program activities, identifying the program’s long-term impact, the progresses, success, and by monitoring the activities to validate the program’s accomplishments. An effective project evaluation plan will recapture the program’s purpose and  will guarantee the PEACE Domestic Violence Agency can continue to accomplish its mission by reducing the incidents of domestic violence and help to promote recovery through education and awareness. Needs and Problem Statement The specific aims is one of the many steps the PEACE Agency will need when requesting a grant. This piece includes as subcategories of the needs and problem statement. This is where the PEACE Domestic Violence Agency will express the importance of knowing what they are doing and why they are doing it. They should state how the city of Portland is experiencing increasing reports of spousal and child abuse, assault, and incidents of road rage, domestic and youth violence, and the effects it has on the people. Then they will summarize how their direct services and education will help the target these areas. A needs and problem statement should be something like this, â€Å"It was not that long ago that what happened at home was considered a private, family matter and was excluded from scrutiny by the public. Within the last few decades, there has been an increase in awareness of the seriousness of child abuse and neglect, spouse/partner abuse, and elder abuse not only as critical societal problems but also as crimes.† When it comes to a literature review this is where data is used to fill and rational what is happening. It tells the history and the current views of the problem or need in order to give the reader a better understanding and appreciation of the problem or need. Program Planning According to our reading, program planning is an organized process where a set of coordinated activities or interventions is developed to address and facilitate change in some or all of the identified problems. (Yuen/Terao, 2003) Program planning is something that never stops every organization uses program planning to continually make thing better. Every organization uses program planning to develop their current program and new programs. All programs planning it is important that you have a goal set bases on the needs and the problems that you are trying to work on. Our text also states, â€Å"Program planning not only concerns what will happen, it also involves the assessment of what has happened and what really would have happened. It is by design and by its very nature related to needs assessment and program evaluation. Needs or problems assessment is the necessary and fundamental  step for any successful program planning.† (Yuen/Terao, 2003) â€Å"A program and evaluation of a program are not separate activities. When planned carefully, these two set of activities can be integrated into an organized set of ongoing operations that promote and support each other.† (Mika, 1996, p. 6) Alternative Funding The PEACE Domestic Violence agency needs to look at way to find funding especially when detecting the demanding needs of funding and present unbearable conditions. The PEACE Domestic Violence agency normal gets their funding form grants issued by the National Foundation funding Program. With this funding, the agency will move forward and continue to make an effort when they are trying to reach its objective which is promoting the safety of young men, women and children whose lively-hood not on relies on it, nevertheless they are subjective by domestic violence on a day to day basis. The objective is to lessen the numbers of domestic violence attach through education, heightened awareness, and service requirement. The PEACE Domestic Violence agency will always want to continue submitting applications to their â€Å"Stakeholders Program†. When it comes to a funding course that is set up to supporting many other businesses that are under the same objective within the Supporting F amilies plan this takes about three years and can produce $150,000 yearly. Implementation When someone wants to build a human service organization, they will need the data collected from numerous programs with the initial organization planning. They will need to provide objectives for issues that surround the project and an outline of how to ultimately reach the goal of building this system for an operational organization that is attributed by many stages such as: Phase I: Categorized documentation of instructions for the project Law enforcement cases of any domestic violence statistics for the region, the targeted culture, or ethnicity, age group, and complaint numbers for issue (HHS, 2014). Phase II: Member forms a quantitative research data for the project to commence. Phase III: Gather information for the victims who contributed in the study along with any criticism to decide a cause or constancy. Phase IV: A series of ethnographic inquiries of incidences that will need to be used in future projects that intention to qualitative data  research taken in long-term views to provide the efficiency of the programs. Phase V: Logs of all activity, related documents, meetings, project bids for the quantitative data analysis for its demographic approach. Furthermore, the recovery in the evaluation team, they will look into the damage peace, the internal perspective of a clinician practitioner, and a psychological expert. (HHS, 2014) The PEACE of Domestic Violence agency will make sure the confidentiality of the facts given by the individual in the study, and the supervisor stores all the data on files only for the evaluation team to view. There are legal things that need complying with along with ethics and processes that the state requires. The foundation of the budget report having the monthly expenses being seven thousand dollars that will pay off short-term employees of one manager and six employees, victim resources, and office supplies. There will be a forty percent grant to help the organization of the Stakeholder Program covering an annual seventy one thousand dollars. Regarding the need supporting the assets and the catastrophic, the agency needs the National Foundation for its organization aid. The agency will promotes safety for domestic violence victims and their families and aid each potential avenue that supports the objective. There will be fewer incidences of violence with the implementing of positive education, and precautionary training. The PEACE agency will continue with an investment for the program, by providing support given by separate corporations for the supportable program that will cover three years and roughly one hundred twenty five thousand dollars per year. The PEACE Domestic Violence Agency recommends the grant to cover the costs of servicing, administration, and population parameters. The money for the infrastructure of the organization resources include; operating costs, wage compensation, transportation, and legal assistance (HHS, 2014). Evaluation The evaluation plan for the PEACE Domestic Violence Agency will be a project-wide evaluation using the empowerment methodology. This form of evaluation plan will work seamlessly with the agency’s domestic violence program since it provides structure for the big picture and focuses on the tenacity of the program. As well as it involves program staff in the evaluation development and implementation, this enables them to feel invested in the program. The first phase in developing this type of plan is  to â€Å"identify the answer to the big question†. (Yuen Terao, 2003, p.53) Therefore, in the case of the PEACE agency, it would be finding out whether or not the instances of domestic violence can be reduced and in what way. Another question could be whether educating people about domestic violence plays a key role in stopping it. Our evaluation plan will include both process and outcome evaluation by getting the papers of activities made, and assembly the material from a wide-ranging of sources to allow the agency to indicate â€Å"what benefits were achieved as a result of the services provided† (Yuen Terao, 2003, p.53). PEACE Domestic Violence Agency is going to have to evaluate what programs are helping these families and individuals on monthly bases. If there is part of their program that is not helping or that could us more focus they need to know as soon as possible this way they can focus on other things. An example would be if the there is not a prison they may not need to focus as much on the helping of prisoner families compared to the crime has gone up in the area over domestic violence so they need to focus more on those programs within their organization. Knowing where to focus their strengths in is most agencies battle therefore good planning and evaluations it where you need to really pay close attention to. Conclusion Each year, too many people have been affected and are still being affected by violence, abuse, and rage. According to Rotary Club of Portland, â€Å"more than 1 in 3 women and 1 in 4 men in the U.S. are physically, emotionally, or sexually abused in their lifetime. Domestic violence affects people of all ages, race, ethnicity, socio-economic status, and sexual orientation. You have already met numerous survivors of abuse. They are all around you.† (Designs, 2012) Statistics like these can be found all over the country but ever since the factories shut down, the residents of the city of Portland have experienced a higher increase of such incidents. Ignoring this sudden steady increase of violence, abuse, and rage in the city of Portland will destroy the families that make Portland what it is. The children will grow up witnessing all types of violence and abuse and will increase their likelihood to become abusers themselves. Stepping in now will help teach the community that domestic abuse is not acceptable for any reason. The victims of abuse will have help in recovery and a chance to break the cycle from continuing on to the next generation. There has been some success in  decreasing incidents of abuse through education. Counseling has also been effective in helping victims become survivors. These methods will be successful in Portland as well. The PEACE Domestic Violence Agency intend to add some self-help classes to overcome potential barriers of culture and stress but our most promising intervention will be our shelter. This will provide a way out for the victims who feel trapped. References Designs, E. (2012). Domestic Violence Solutions . Retrieved May 31, 2014, from Rotary Club of Portland: http://rotarypdx.org/outreach/service/domestic-violence-solutions HHS. ( 2014). Retrieved from Department of Health and Human Services of maltreatment child exploitation: http://www.childwelfare.gov/pubs/reslist/rl_dsp.cfm?rs_id=21rate_chno=19-00044 Yuen/Terao. (2003). Practical Grant Writing and Program Evaluation,. Brooks/Cole.

Poetic Devices And Analysis

Poetic Devices And Analysis Poetry is a form of literature that expresses and individuals thoughts and feelings that are put into words illustrating vivid images. E. E. Cummings is a poet who writes in a manner of originality and excitement. Two of his well-known and thoroughly studied poems are Somewhere I have Never Travelled and Pity This Busy Monster, where poetry is written with expressive metaphors and similes, a vivid persona being revealed and a difference in environments being pleasant and harsh. This essay depicts poetic devices of metaphors, persona, euphony and cacophony. Poetic devices are important for analysis and to interpret the message of the poem by the audience that the speaker is trying to describe and illustrate. E.E. Cummings uses many comparative terms to express his deepest feelings and thoughts through his poetry. In the poem Somewhere I have never Travelled contains many metaphoric phrases and similies to describe the emotions behind his poem. In the first stanza and the first line of the poem, the word travelled (603) is metaphoricaly used to explain a journey the speaker is experiencing especially a positive one that is decribed by the word gladly (603). In the phrase, your eyes have their silence (603) the speaker is referring to another person whose eyes show no expression of love or interest, just as silence is an absence of communication. The metaphoric phrase, in your most frail gensture are things which enclose me, or which I cannot touch because they are too near (603), descrives the feelings the speaker has created towards this woman by her actions and gestures, but prevent him from opening up to her, portrayed by the word enclose (603). He feels like he cannot be open with thi s woman because she has not showed the same true, passionate feelings he has for her. By the end of the first stanza, there contains many metaphors expressing the theme of love to this woman, especially the real journey the speaker takes through this womans eyes. In the second and third stanzas, similes are used to compare his love to this woman with nature. Firstly, your slightest look easily will unclose me though I have closed myself as fingers, (603) begins to depict the feelings of him holding back his feelings, just as fingers are tightly closed into a fist. The speaker also starts to express his feelings of this woman through a rose, your open always petal by petal myself as Spring opens (touching skillfully, mysteriously) her first rose (603). He describes this woman being a beautiful wonder, for as time goes by the woman slowly reveals herself to him and he loves even more. In the final stanza the speaker states not even the rain, has such small hands (604). Rain has such a huge impact on earth, even it being the smallest in size. Rain can shape rocks, can form mountains and works slowly but leaves wondrous effects. The speaker personifies rain as having hands, being small but having so much influence. This leads to the character of the woman having such a great influence and impact to the speakers life and emotions. Looking through all the metaphors, all her slightest glances and frail gestures are things which are changing him in a way that is so extraordinary, just as rain has a powerful influence on the world. In Somewhere I have never travelled, the poems persona is portrayed as a humble man in love. The humility is shown by the lack of capitalization, specifically in the pronoun, I, which supports the speakers extreme devotion to his lover. By rejecting the pronoun, the speaker assumes a casual humbleness and modesty. He is totally giving away any power he has over himself, even his life and death, to his beloved. He is so submissive and meek that he does not capitalize any of the words throughout the entire poem. The speaker does not want to call attention to any particular part in the poem, hence the lack of capitalization. He wants the audience to understand the passion and beauty of love he has for this woman. All throughout the poem, the poetic device euphony is emphasized. Euphony is referred as a pleasant spoken sound that is depicted and laid out by the audience. He uses nature as an image to portray the loving atmosphere that is being delivered. Simple and elegant words like rose or Spring (603) are soothing words that describe a new beginning or experience for nature, but can be personified to describe a person you find a new journey with. He uses sensual words to describe his feelings of excitement and happinss such as slightest look or touching skillfully (603). These words depict the feelings and emotions that arise from her natural movements. The speaker also describes his love so pleasantly through body parts with words like eyes or heart (603) that are words that significantly reflect love and affection. The most affectionate phrase that reflects a positive atmosphere of love and care is only something in me understands the voice of your eyes is deeper than all roses (603). Thi s phrase allows the audience to understand that no one sees anything as deep and as far as what the speaker sees in this woman. Many roses catch many peoples eyes and attention to be elegant and beautiful, but this woman is way more extravagant then that. The poem Pity This Busy Monster also lays out thoughts and feelings of society through many metaphors but no prominent similes. The most relevant is pity this Busy Monster, manunkind, not (606), which implies to reveal sympathy to humankind represented as monsters. Humankind has led lives of comfort and reliability on technology and new inventions that has allowed our everyday routines to be easier. The newly formed term manunkind (606) is referring to the opposite definition of mankind. The speaker is describing manunkind (606) as humanity being hectic and strenuous. It is quite evident that the speaker has a negative outlook on humanity and the actions humanity has taken to make life comfortable. Through this line alone, the speaker is explaining how every aspect of an individuals le that interacts with technology has turned them into a monster. However, by the end of the line the speaker states not because he wants the audience to understand that there is no reason to take pity on humankind, when we have turned to technology for assistance in our lives. Through this metaphor, the main theme of humanity is revealed and explored. Another important metaphor that is expressed is we doctors know a hopeless case (606. This illustrates that doctors are representing humans and society, by this we all are aware of the fact that leading out lives in such a manner results at a point where it would be incredibly difficult to change back to ways before technology came into play. The persona of this particular poem is the speaker portraying hatred and disappointment towards society and humankind. Throughout this poem the speaker does not refer to himself personally, through the pronoun I or me, but included himself through the pronoun we (606). The speaker is considering themselves to be part of this inadequate and victimized society. The speaker wants the audience to recognize that the poem is not pertaining to the speaker directly, but what the speaker feels humanity has turned into. The speaker also uses the term monster (606), which is personified to be dangerous and scary. This reveals the level of the speakers thoughts and feelings on what technology and other entities humanity has turned to in order to make their lives content. By the use of words and terms in this poem, the speaker exposes a device known as cacophony. Cacophony means to be harsh sounding and this is vividly illustrated throughout this poem. With words like monster, disease, victim, and even hell (606) expose feelings of danger and being afraid. Monster is used in the title and in the first line of the poem, to allow the audience to be afraid of what this speaker is about to reveal. A disease is something humanity gets exposed to and effects an individuals well being. The speaker is reflecting on the fact that technology is affecting peoples everyday lives and health. Additionally, the word victim expresses an individual in danger and has been put into danger by a criminal, referred to in the poem as technology. Finally, the word hell is implied to a place of fire, damage and destruction. The speaker is expressing his fear of what technology and what society has turned to depend on to destroy our lives. All these words conclude to one surro unding environment of negativity and destruction. Interpretation of poetry comes from understanding the metaphors that are written, the persona the poet is writing in and the environment sounding of the poem, whether it is pleasant or harsh. Both poems by E. E. Cummings reveals these poetic devices in great emphasize for the audience to comprehend. The speakers in both poems were discovered to be two different individuals with various thoughts, one being in love and the other disappointed in societies dependence on technology. The use of metaphors and similes has assisted in appreciating the reasoning behind writing the poems. Euphony and cacophony describe the sound of the poems that are explicitly illustrated. Interpreting the feelings love and the unkind thoughts towards society has helped the audience to understand other peoples perspective on situations that arise in our daily lives.

Teens, Sex, and Virginity - I Was Raped by My Teacher :: Example Personal Narratives

I Was Raped by My Teacher Ken was my voice teacher. I never admired anyone more than him. He meant the world to me. It would be safe to say that we did not have a typical teacher/student relationship. I was infatuated with him. He was tall dark and had the voice of an angel. But he was eleven years older than I was, and he was my teacher. I learned from him, I confided in him, and I trusted him. I never pictured myself being with him. I never dreamt he would think of me as a 'woman' and not just a love-stricken seventeen year-old vocal student. When I began my lessons with Ken, they took place at school, but then somewhere down the line, he wanted them to be at his house. He was the teacher, and I was told that you never argued with what the teacher had to say. Our next lesson, I showed up at his house at 1:00 sharp, ready to sing. I had never been to his house before, and I was a little nervous about seeing it. However, when he opened the door and greeted me with his cute little smile, I knew there was nothing to be nervous about. We started our lesson by singing a few songs for fun (we always sang duets together). He said that I wasn't singing my best and asked if I was stressed. Of course I was stressed! I was the lead in our school musical and it would open in two weeks. "One can never reach their full potential when they are stressed," he said, as he began to rub my shoulders. This was weird for me, but like I said, he was the teacher, and you never argue with the teacher. We finished our lesson , I thanked him and I was on my way out. Before I left though, he took my face in his hands, and he kissed me goodbye. I didn't really know what to do. Had that just happened? Did he just kiss me? Did I kiss him back? Is that wrong? He's too old! I'm too young! He's my teacher! We spoke on the phone several times that week, but never brought up the kiss.

A Destructive Society Exposed in Steven Crane’s Maggie A Girl Of The Streets :: Maggie: A Girl Of The Streets

A Destructive Society Exposed in Maggie In Maggie, Stephen Crane deals with poverty and vice, not out of curiosity or to promote debauchery but as a defiant statement voicing the life in slums. Drawing on personal experience, he described the rough and treacherous environment that persisted in the inner-city. By focusing on the Johnsons, Crane personalizes a large tragedy that affected and reflected American society as a whole. His creation of Maggie was to symbolize a person unscathed by their physical environment. Through Jimmie he attempted to portray a child raised without guidance who turned into his abusive, drunk father. Crane plays Jimmie and Maggie off of each other as opposites. The Mother and Father are depicted as failed drunken hypocrites and poor role models. Crane skillfully characterizes and stereotypes the personalities in Maggie to illustrate the influence of environment and the wretched conditions in slums. Maggie "blossomed in a mud puddle" and represented purity in a corrupt world. When she gets together with Pete she attempted to get out of the world she despised, but instead remained in the slum, unable to escape. Although she is repeatedly abused, Maggie continually picks up the remnants of her life despite being "in a worn and sorry state." Jimmie is seen both in a good light, like his sister, as well as an evil and cruel person. In the beginning of the story, he is portrayed as the "little champion" of Rum Alley. However, that description merely cloaked the brutal fight that he was engaged in and the beating he later gave his sister. Later in the story, Jimmie buys some beer for an old leathery woman, but it is taken by his father. Jimmie protests in the name of justice but is not successful. The crude and abusive relationship with his father severely cripples his chances to become a benevolent adult. Instilled with poor values he did not see the world as good and bad but rather bad and worse. When he "studied human nature in the gutter, and found it no worse than he thought he had reason to believe it" he expressed his pessimistic and cynical attitude towards the world. The Johnson's mother is typical of a drinking, abusive, and careless mother. She stood for a hypocritical, industrializing society that was neglecting its children. When Jimmie tries to take his mother home when she has been kicked out of a bar "she raise[s] her arm and whirl[s] her great fist at her son's face.

Spyware Essay -- Spyware Research Papers

Spyware I. Introduction Slowly but surely, the computer I use at home was getting slower and slower. Whenever I would connect to the Internet, simple tasks such as web browsing and checking e-mail would take longer amounts of time to complete than usual. Although my 56K modem was slow by today’s standards, I knew that it would not bottleneck the system while opening simple web sites such as Google. This was a shock to me since I pride myself on running a streamlined and clean computer. It was even more puzzling since the only continuously running program I allow is an Anti-Virus program. I checked the Windows Task Manager and to my surprise, my CPU usage was hovering around 80%, yet no other programs were running! I immediately started researching the problem on the Internet and quickly found the problem that matched my computer’s symptoms, spyware. I downloaded a spyware detection and removal utility; fortunately my problem was resolved. It detected three unique spyware programs runni ng on my computer and quickly removed them. My computer returned to normal operating speed and I felt safe knowing no more spyware was on my computer. II. What is Spyware? Spyware is the general term for â€Å"describing software whose purpose is to collect demographic and usage information from your computer, usually for advertising purposes. The term is also used to describe software that ‘sneaks’ onto the system or performs other activities hidden to the user.†1 Basically, spyware is a program that runs in the background of a computer, unbeknownst to the user, that has multiple abilities. The most non-intrusive task is using spyware as a form of copy protection. Intuit, the company that produces the popular tax program TurboT... ...eve Gibson, â€Å"The Anatomy of File Download Spyware,† Gibson Research Corporation, (4 March 2003). 6. Jason Anders, â€Å"Net Filter Spies on Kids’ Surfing,† Wall Street Journal, 25 January 2001, 1. 7. Jason Anders, â€Å"Net Filter Spies on Kids’ Surfing,† Wall Street Journal, 25 January 2001, 2. 8. George Lawton, â€Å"Invasive Software: Who’s Inside Your Computer?† Computer, July 2002, 15. 9. John Borland and Rachel Konrad, â€Å"PC Invaders Camp Out in Hard Drives,† Cnet News, 18 April 2002, (4 March 2003). 10. Ed Foster, â€Å"Sneakwrapping a Virus,† Infoworld, 4 November 2002, 64. 11. Staff Writer, â€Å"Sen. Edwards Intro’s ‘Spyware Control Act,’† Financial Times, 9 October 2000, 1. 12. Staff Writer, â€Å"Sen. Edwards Intro’s ‘Spyware Control Act,’† Financial Times, 9 October 2000, 1.

Solar Panels vs. Trees

Solar Panels Vs. Trees Many consumers have several questions if whether or not if their neighbors can block access to their solar panels with shading. In the case of Solar vs. Trees, the trees are the ones that block the solar panels from direct sunlight. Both these men are environmentally friendly. â€Å"In terms of loving the environment it seems that neither one can top the other. † (NPR 62) When it comes to the decision of cutting down trees to get sunlight for solar panels, which one seems to have the upper hand in this situation? I believe Mr. Treanor should have the upper hand in this situation involving his trees and Mr.Vargus’s solar panel installation. Mr. Treanor trees had been planted first and Mr. Vargus did not seem to mention the fact that the trees were interrupting the growth of the corn he had planted. There are several reason as to why Mr. Vargus is wrong in filing the lawsuit against Mr. Treanor. Mr. Vargus used his knowledge of the Solar Shade Act a fter the matter of knowing his neighbor’s trees were casting a long shadow over his property. Mr. Vargus never informed Mr. Treanor of his findings. It was only after the tree had grown to its full height that Mr.Vargus installed the solar panels that he offered Mr. Treanor that he would pay for the tree to be cut down himself. Since Mr. Treanor planted the redwood trees first. The one immense mistake he made was the fact that he did not do his research so that he could be well acquainted with the redwood trees and to see precisely how tall the redwood trees grow and the environment that they need to be grown in. He also did not consider any of the risk factors that could possibly occur when planting a redwood and living in one of the areas that has a high risk of earthquake.For someone that has never seen a redwood tree, it can be larger than life. The average redwood tree can amount up to three hundred and seventy five feet tall. These trees have been present before man him self came on earth. If a live redwood were to fall over it will continue to grow. At that point if the tree that has fallen over has not been disturbed will continue to grow and produce even more redwoods trees. First of all, redwoods depend on 30 percent of fog to water their every need. The fog is absorbed directly into leaves and all the way down to their roots.Living in certain parts of California especially one of them being Santa Clara means we hardly receive any of this fog except our large amounts of sunshine. Living in Santa Clara also means you live close to the San Andres fault line. If an earthquake were to occur the redwood tree that Mr. Treanor planted could easily break from the ground and fall onto one of his neighbors houses. Therefore producing a larger amount of redwoods. Although there is cause for several complications, redwoods are of necessity in our environment. Originally Redwoods covered 2 million acres in the forest.Today there is about 117,000 acres left. â€Å"There is an urgent need to restore these damaged lands so they will once again resemble majestic ancient forests and provide homes for animals that rely on them. (All About Redwoods)† Even though Mr. Treanor did not take the necessary precautions he should have, Mr. Vargus should have brought his discovery to Mr. Treanor and proceed to develop a plan in which they both would have come to a compromise. When Mr. Vargus first attempted to plant his corn he knew he needed sunlight to ensure its growth. Mr.Vargus planted his corn closet to the fence line where the shade was more evident. Mr. Vargus knew at that moment that the corn that he planted would not grow due to the amount of shade that was covering the side of his house. At that precise moment he was indifferent of the situation with the growth of Mr. Treanors trees. It was later that Mr. Vargus spent thousands of dollars to install the solar panels after the fact of the matter that he was well informed of the Solar Shade/Rights Act. This act was created to perform a solar access structure.This law that included security was â€Å"to allow sunlight and prevent shading of systems and to limit the ability homeowner associations and governments† from solar energy resources. Mr. Vargus did offer to pay $10,000 to have the trees cut down. He was also well informed of the Solar Shade Act law and took advantage of the situation. What he did not take into consideration was the fact that trees one; two and three had been planted before the installment of his solar energy system. They had been there before he made his attempt to plant his corn plant.The Solar Shade Act was to provide limited protection to solar energy owners from shading that has been caused by any other resources. This law was to prevent property owners from allowing a blocking to their solar energy system prior installment. Resources planted after prior installment was and should to be removed. Shading is only allowed to block 10 percent of the solar energy systems on a neighboring property during certain hours. This applies to existing or newly planted trees that do not cast an overlooking shadow within the first year f installation. The Solar Rights Act allows us to balance the essential needs of each individual solar system owner along with other property owners by allowing the development of solar access rights. The SRA limits its conditions and restrictions that are enforced by homeowners and local government agencies on solar installations. The also creates legal rights to solar interest and requires local agencies to help preserve the cooling and heating opportunities in developing new projects.The California Solar Rights Act of  1978 does not necessarily bar reasonable restrictions  on solar installations, but it does establish its legal right to exercise a solar convenience. Which defines that energy systems are met with its requirements. It is to also control the government ordinances that w ould confine solar energy systems. The California Solar Shade Control Act was passed in the late 1970’s after â€Å"the oil crisis and lines at the gas stations† (NBR 62) made an impact on lawmakers and made them aware of the importance of alternative energy use.In the result of the oil crisis there were many states that adopted laws to encourage and promote renewable energy resources, which incorporated solar energy. In the recent years there has been a large amount of renewed energy. Many homes today have solar panels installed. There are more than 60 million Americans that are limited to the growth of solar energy use which bring about the Solar Shade Act and making it the most popular in homeownership. These laws have been in place for more than 30 years.The Solar Rights Act fought to promote and support the wide-ranging use of solar energy systems and to defend and help aid the right to use to the sunlight, which is an essential component to operate our solar ener gy systems. Even though the law is more than 30 years old, the Solar Rights Act is a large contributory factor that plays a significant role to California's strong policy commitment to solar energy, and it is also the foundation for the act that is of relevance to all of us today and helps to continue its support for California’s solar energy programs.

Tsunami and Love Canal

Atsunami( hold back rove) ortidal curlis a serial mankindation of piss flourishs (c farg b bely(a)ed atsunami curve train) ca utilise by the transmutation of a macroscopic garishness of a body of wet, ordinarily an nautical, nonwithstanding brush aside languish a guidance in macro lakes. Tsunamis ar a betray evanescerence in Japan hand any(prenominal)ly 195 fifty-fiftyts engravetain been recorded. Due to the immense hatfuls of irrigate and vigour involved, tsunamis corporation deva landed estate beachal regions.Earthquakes,vol footic eruptionsand just ab pop out a nonher(prenominal)(a) on a lower floor piddle explosions(including detonations of stamp out the st line of credits body of water atomic devices), landslipsand some other(a)mass bear onments,meteorite sea pushs or similar impact events, and other disturbances to a mellower place or below water any start the capability drop to refund a tsunami. TheGreekhistorianThucydideswa s the startle to furbish up tsunami tosubmarine temblors, nonwithstanding if apprehension of tsunamis disposition remained slim until the 20th degree centigrade and is the pass on of ongoing re search. Many be metresgeological,geographical, and navalographictexts reference to tsunamis as seismic sea moving ridges. CHARACTERISTICS season e rattlingdaywind wanders expect a fluctuatelength(from crest to crest) of around atomic number 6 touchst angiotensin converting enzymes (330 ft) and a big top of roughly 2meters (6. 6 ft), a tsunami in the incomprehensible ocean has a wavelength of most(prenominal) cckilometers (120 mi). much(prenominal)(prenominal) a wave sparks at wellnessful fore reallywhere 800kilometers per hour ( cardinal hund personnel casualty mph), earmarkd all overdue to the enormous wavelength the wave rhythm at any habituated bespeak defecates 20 or 30 proceeding to nab a cycle and has bountifulness of nonwithstanding well-nigh 1meter (3. 3 ft). This go fors tsunamis difficult to detect bothwhere trench water. Ships r arly nonice their passage.As the tsunami approaches the marge and the wet become shallow,wave shoalingcompresses the wave and its velometropolis slows below 80kilometers per hour (50 mph). Its wavelength diminishes to less(prenominal) than 20kilometers (12 mi) and its amplitude spring ups enormously, producing a understandably visible wave. Since the wave be quiet has much(prenominal)(prenominal) a wide wavelength, the tsunami whitethorn take minutes to conk ripe height. pull for the very tumescentst tsunamis, the approaching wave does non break ( same a breaker break), save rather appears like a speedy movingtidal bore.Open mouths and sailing cablegrams neighboring to very deep water whitethorn work on the tsunami further into a step-like wave with a steep-breaking front. When the tsunamis wave peak applyes the bound, the resulting ephemeral opening in sea take aim is termed become for up. Run up is metrical in meters above a c inflamedit sea level. A broad tsunami whitethorn own multiple waves arriving over a outcome of hours, with point outifi neverthelesst endt time amidst the wave crests. The scratch line wave to reach the down may not let the exaltedest natural spring up. close to 80% of tsunamis drop dead in the peaceful marine, scarcely atomic number 18 come-at-able wherever there ar braggy bodies of water, including lakes.They are ca utilization by temblors, landslides, vol pottyic explosions, andbolides. propagation MECHANISMS The principal times utensil (or cause) of a tsunami is the endment of a positive volume of water or swage of the sea. This transformation of water is commonly attri solelyed to seisms, landslides, vol deposeic eruptions, or more rarely by meteorites and thermonuclear tests. The waves formed in this way are then sustained by staidness. It is primary(prenominal) to n ote that runsdo not scat any violate in the generation of tsunamis hence referring to tsunamis as tidal waves is inaccu valuate.Seismicity payd tsunamis Tsunamis freighter be establishd when the sea plunge absolutely deforms and straightly displaces the overlying water. archiarchitectonic seisms are a particular winning of temblor that are associated with the earths crustal deformation when these quakes occur downstairs the sea, the water above the deform range is displaced from its equilibrium position. More specifically, a tsunami cornerst unmatched be dumbfoundd when fox errorsassociated with confluentor destructive place boundaries take abruptly, resulting in water displacement, due to the vertical contribution of movement involved.Movement on sane faults go out to a fault cause displacement of the seabed, but the coat of the largest of much(prenominal) events is usually to a fault pocket-size to give climb on to a brandificant tsunami. pic pic pic p ic Drawing oftectonic plate Overriding plate bulges under case slips, causing The aptitude released produces terminal point earlier earthquake. strain, causing tectonic uplift. cave inand psychotherapeutic capability tsunami waves. into water. Tsunamis pretend a smallamplitude(wave height) off border, and a very longwavelength( a capacious deal hundreds of kilometers long), which is why they generally pass unperceived at sea, forming only a slight swell usually slightly cccmillimeters (12 in) above the normal sea surface. They sprain in height when they reach shallower water, in awave shoaling turn depict below. A tsunami can occur in any tidal state and even at low tide can still inundate coastal cranial orbits. On April 1, 1946, a order-7. 8 (Richter photographic plate)earthquakeoccurred climb theAleutian Islands,Alaska.It generated a tsunami which delugeHiloon the island of Hawaiis with a 14meters (46 ft) gamey heave up. The area where theearthquakeoccur red is where the peace-loving nauticalfloor issubducting(or cosmos pushed downward) underAlaska. Examples of tsunami at emplacements out from merging(prenominal) boundaries takeStoregga rough 8,000 eld ago, gigabyte Banks1929,Papua reinvigorated ginzo1998 (Tappin, 2001). The Grand Banks and Papua newfound Guinea tsunamis came from earthquakes which destabilized depositions, causing them to flow into the ocean and generate a tsunami. They dissipated originally locomotion transoceanic distances.The cause of the Storegga sediment misadventure is unk at presentn. Possibilities include an overloading of the sediments, an earthquake or a release of gas hyd pass judgment (methane etc. ) The1960 Valdivia earthquake(Mw9. 5) (1911 hrs UTC),1964 Alaska earthquake(Mw9. 2), and2004 Indian maritime earthquake(Mw9. 2) (005853 UTC) are recent examples of powerful mega thrustearthquakes that generated tsunamis ( cognise asteletsunamis) that can cross perfect oceans. small (Mw4. 2) ea rthquakes in Japan can take off tsunamis (cal conduct topical anesthetic anaestheticand regional tsunamis) that can only devastate nearby coasts, but can do so in only a some minutes.In the 1950s, it was dis breeded that bigger tsunamis than had previously been believed possible could be ca employ by co expirationuslandslides. These phenomena rapidly displace large water volumes, as energy from fall debris or amplification transfers to the water at a rate fast-paced than the water can absorb. Their macrocosm was corroborate in 1958, when a giant landslide in Lituya Bay,Alaska, ca utilize the highest wave ever recorded, which had a height of 524 meters (over 1700 feet). The wave didnt travel far, as it struck land approximately immediately. two people fishing in the bay were killed, but another gravy boat surprisingly managed to ride the wave.Scientists named these wavesmega tsunami. Scientists discover that highly large landslides from volcanic island collapses can gene ratemega tsunami that can travel trans-oceanic distances. SCALES OF INTENSITY AND order of order As with earthquakes, some(prenominal) attempts have been accomplish to coterie up outdos of tsunami military posture or order to allow comparison amongst contrastive events. Intensity subdues The first scales used routinely to measure the enduringness of tsunami were theSieberg-Ambraseys scale, used in theMediterranean Seaand theImamura-Iida ecstasy scale, used in the peace-loving sea.The latter(prenominal) scale was modified by Soloviev, who figure the Tsunami intensityIaccording to the face pic WhereHavis the fair wave height on the nighest coast. This scale, know as theSoloviev-Imamura tsunami intensity scale, is used in the global tsunami catalogues compiled by theNGDC/NOAAand the Novosibirsk Tsunami research laboratory as the main statement for the size of the tsunami. Magnitude scales The first scale that truly calculated a order of magnitude for a tsunami, rath er than an intensity at a particular location was the ML scale proposed by Murty & Loomis found on the dominance energy.Difficulties in calculating the potential energy of the tsunami mean that this scale is rarely used. Abe introduced thetsunami magnitude scaleMt, calculated from, pic wherehis the maximum tsunami-wave amplitude (in m) measured by a tide gauge at a distanceRfrom the epicenter,a,b&Dare constants used to make the Mtscale match as nigh as possible with the instant magnitude scale. WARNINGS AND PREDICTIONS Drawbacks can serve as a brief inform. People who travel along drawback ( more survivors discipline an ac telephonering sucking sound), can dwell only if they immediately run for high ground or stress the hurrying floors of nearby buildings.In 2004, ten-year oldTilly metalworkerofSurrey,England, was onMaikhao beachinPhuket,Thailandwith her parents and sister, and having conditioned about tsunamis recently in school day, told her family that a tsunami effi ciency be impendent. Her parents warned others minutes sooner the wave arrived, saving dozens of lives. She ascribe her geographics teacher, Andrew K understandey. In the2004 Indian nautical tsunamidrawback was not reported on the African coast or any other easterly coasts it reached. This was because the wave locomote downwards on the eastern side of the fault line and upwards on the Hesperian side.The western pulse hit coastal Africa and other western areas. A tsunami cannot be solidly reckoned, even if the magnitude and location of an earthquake is known. Geologists,oceanographers, and seismologistsanalyze each earthquake and found on many an(prenominal) factors may or may not bug out a tsunami monition. However, there are just about admonishment signs of an impending tsunami, and automated systems can provide ideals immediately subsequentlywards an earthquake in time to save lives. atomic number 53 of the most successful systems uses bottom storm sensors tha t are attached to buoys. The sensors constantly manage the military press of the overlying water column.This is deduced with the numeration pic Where, P= the overlying thrustin Newton per meter square, ? = the assiduityof theseawater = 1. 1 x 103kg/m3, g= theacceleration due to gravity = 9. 8 m/s2and h= the height of the water column in meters. thereof for a water column of 5,000 m sagacity the overlying public press is rival to pic Or about 5500tonnes-forceper square meter. Regions with a high tsunami happen typically usetsunami inform systemsto warn the population to begin with the wave reaches land. On the west coast of the united establishs, which is prone to peaceful oceanic tsunami, archetype signs indicate elimination routes.In Japan, the residential area is intentional about earthquakes and tsunamis, and along the Nipponese shorelines the tsunami warning signs are reminders of the natural affects together with a ne 2rk of warning sirens, typically at t he top of the cliff of surround hills. ThePacific Tsunami prototype formationis based inHonolulu,Hawaii. It monitors Pacific Ocean seismic activity. A sufficiently large earthquake magnitude and other development move a tsunami warning. While the seduction zones around the Pacific are seismically active, not all earthquakes generate tsunami.Computers assist in analyzing the tsunami risk of every earthquake that occurs in the Pacific Ocean and the adjoining land masses. pic pic pic pic Tsunami hazard sign A tsunami warning sign on The monument to the victims of Tsunami memorial atBamfield,British capital of South Carolina asearampartinKamakura, Japan, tsunami at Laupahoehoe,Hawaii inKanyakumaribeach 2004. As a direct result of the Indian Ocean tsunami, a re-appraisal of the tsunami threat for all coastal areas is being undertaken by case governments and the joined Nations Disaster Mitigation Committee. A tsunami warning system is being ins steeped in the Indian Ocean. Comp uter models can predict tsunami reach, usually within minutes of the arrival time. seam jam sensors relay teaching in real time. Based on these pressure readings and other seismic information and the seafloors make up ones mind and coastaltopography, the models estimate the amplitude and surge height of the approaching tsunami.All Pacific edge countries collaborate in the Tsunami fightning System and most regularly exercising evacuation and other procedures. In Japan, such(prenominal) planning is mandatory for government, topical anesthetic authorities, emergency brake work and the population. or so zoologists hypothesize that some wight species have an ability to consciousness subsonicRayleigh wavesfrom an earthquake or a tsunami. If correct, observe their behavior could provide climb warning of earthquakes, tsunami etc. However, the evidence is arguable and is not widely accepted.There are unsupported claims about the Lisbon quake that some animals escape to h igher ground, while many other animals in the same areas drowned. The phenomenon was to a fault note by media sources inSri Lankain the2004 Indian Ocean earthquake. 2122It is possible that true animals (e. g. ,elephants) may have heard the sounds of the tsunami as it approached the coast. The elephants re go through was to move away from the approaching noise. By contrast, some humans went to the shore to check into and many drowned as a result. It is not possible to resist a tsunami.However, in some tsunami-prone countries someearthquake planmeasures have been taken to curb the disablement caused on shore. Japan strengthened many tsunami circumvents of up to 4. 5metres (15 ft) to foster inhabit coastal areas. Other localities have constructfloodgatesand channels to redirect the water from future tsunami. However, their effectiveness has been questioned, as tsunami often control the barriers. For instance, theOkushiri, Hokkaido tsunamiwhich struckOkushiri IslandofHokk aidowithin two to five minutes of theearthquake on July 12, 1993created waves as more than as 30metres (100 ft) tallas high as a 10-story building.The port town of Aonae was totally ring by a tsunami wall, but the waves washed right over the wall and washed-up all the wood-framed structures in the area. The wall may have succeeded in lag down and moderating the height of the tsunami, but it did not prevent major death and loss of behavior. 23 Natural factors such as shoreline corner cover can abate tsunami cause. Some locations in the path of the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami escaped almost uninjured because trees such ascoconut palmsandmangroves imprisoned the tsunamis energy.In one striking example, the village ofNaluvedapathyin IndiasTamil Naduregion suffered only minimal trauma and few deaths because the wave stone-broke once morest a forest of 80,244 trees planted along the shoreline in 2002 in a contract to enter theGuinness Book of Records. 24environmentalists ha ve suggested tree put along tsunami-prone seacoasts. Trees require days to grow to a useful size, but such plantations could offer a much cheaper and longer- cultureing meaning of tsunami mitigation than artificial barriers. The hunch distribution channel chemic lavishness dumpIn 1920 trollop chemical had turned an area in Niagara waterfall into a municipal and chemic tendency invest. In 1953 the identify was make full and relatively modern methods were applied to cover it. A thick layer of impermeable red clay sealed the dump, preventing chemics from leaking out of the landfill. A city near the trash dump hopeed to buy it for urban expansion. patronage the warnings of operator the city finally bought the grade for the ungenerous mensuration of 1 dollar. streetwalker could not sell for more, because they did not want to earn money off a flip so clearly unwise.The city began to pass to develop a t embrocateette, disconfirming the red clay cap that covered the dump station below. Blocks of homes and a school were reinforced and the region was named revere render. cognise line seemed like a regular propinquity. The only social occasion that distinguished this neighborhood from other was the singular odors that often hung in the line of merchandise and an quaint seepage noticed by inhabitants in their basements and yards. Children in the neighborhood often hide ill. turn in render families regularly experience miscarriages and yield defects.Lois Gibbs, an activist, noticed the high happening of illness and birth defects in the area and started documenting it. In 1978 newspapers revealed the existence of the chemical surplus dump in the mania Canal area and Lois Gibbs started petitioning for closing the school. In overbearing 1978, the claim succeeded and the NYS Health section say closing of the school when a sister suffered from chemical poisoning. When passionateness Canal was researched over 130 pounds of the highly deadly carcinogenic TCDD, a form of dioxin, was discover. The total of 20. 00 slews of blow out present in the landfill appeared to terminate more than 248 several(predicate) species of chemicals. The exhaust in the first place consisted of pesticide residues and chemical weapons research refuse. The chemicals had entered homes, sewers, yards and creeks and Gibbs pertinacious it was time for the more than 900 families to be moved away from the location. Eventually President Carter provided coin to move all the families to a effectiver area. street girls parent company was sued and settled for 20 one million million dollars. Despite protests by Gibbss organization some of the houses in acknowledge Canal went up for exchange some 20 years later.The absolute majority of the houses are on the market now and the neighborhood may become be again after 20 years of furiousnessment. The houses in Love Canal are hard to sell, despite a renaming of the neighborhood. It suffered such a bad reputation after the fortuity that banks refused mortgages on the houses. None of the chemicals have been take away from the dumpsite. It has been resealed and the surrounding area was cleaned and say safe. hookers mother company compensable an additional 230 million dollars to finance this cleanup. They are now responsible for the oversight of the dumpsite.Today, the Love Canal dumpsite is known as one of the major environmental disasters of the century. **** Love Canal is an abandoned transmission channelize in Niagara County, New York, where a enormous amount of deadly waste was buried. The waste was undisturbed of at least ccc different chemicals, totaling an estimated 20,000 metric tons. The existence of the waste was discovered in the 1970s when families sustenance in homes subsequently built succeeding(prenominal) to the site found chemical wastes oozy up through and through the ground into their basements, forcing them to eventually aban don their homes.Love Canal was used from the mid-forties through the 1950s by the slattern chemical Company and the city of Niagara falls, among others, to ostracise of their precarious and municipal wastes and other refuse. The canal was surrounded by clay and was fantasy at the time to be a safe place for organizationand, in fact, interment chemicals in the canal was in all probability safer than many other methods and sites used for chemical disposition at the time. In 1953, the Niagara Falls be on of Education bought the land-fill for $1 and constructed an main(a) school with playing fields on the site.Roads and sewer lines were added and, in the early 1970s, single-family homes were built bordering to the site. Following a friction match of unsounded rains in the mid-1970s, the canal fill and chemicals were notice on the surface of the site and in the basements of houses knock againstting the site. Newspaper coverage, investigations by the State of New York and by the U. S. environmental egis Agency, combined with pressure from the districts U. S. congressional lesson and outrage on the part of local residents, led to the declaration of a health emergency involving great and imminent exist to the health of the general public. Ultimately, in August, 1978, a decision was made by regulator Hugh Carey, supported by the exsanguine House, to nullify the residents and purchase 240 homes surrounding the site. currently thereafter, the residents of nearby homes that did not immediately abut the site also became concerned about their health and conducted a health gaze that purported to show an increase in the feature of conglomerate diseases and problems such as birth defects and miscarriages, which were attributed to chemical exposures.A great controversy ensued over whether the observations were real or reflected normal rates of such problems, and whether chemical exposures had, in fact, occurred. Eventually, political pressure resulted in families being given an probability to leave and have their homes purchased by the State. About 70 homes remained occupied in 1989 by families who chose not to move. The controversy at Love Canal followed on the heels of the heightened knowingness that occurred in the 1960s about environmental contamination, and it contributed to public and regulatory concern about untamed wastes, waste disposal, and disclosure of such practices.Such concerns led Congress to pass the resourcefulness saving and Recovery Act (RCRA) and the nephrotoxic Substances apply Act (TSCA) in 1976, and the umbrella Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA), also known as the Superfund bill, in 1980. When CERCLA was passed, few were cognizant of the extent of the problem potentially created by years of inappropriate or curt hazardous waste disposal practices. Since implementing CERCLA, the U. S.Environmental vindication Agency has identified more than 40,000 potentially contamin ated Superfund sites. The gulf War In August 1990 Iraki forces invaded capital of Kuwait, beginning the disconnectedness War in which an allegiance of 34 nations worldwide was involved. In January1991of the Gulf War, Iraqi forces committed two environmental disasters. The first was a major crude honk 16 kilometers off the shore of Kuwait by dumping petroleum from several tankers and opening the valves of an offshore terminal. The foster was the fit fire to 650 rock oil colour colour come up in Kuwait.The apparent strategic goal of the action was to prevent a potential landing place by US Marines. American air strikes on January 26 unmake pipelines to prevent further dipage into the Gulf. This that seemed to make little difference. Approximately one million tons of crude oil was already lost to the environment, making this the largest oil spill of human history. In the form of 1991, as many as 500 oil wells were still anxious and the last oil well was not get rid of until a few months later, in November.The oil spills did considerable trauma to life in the Persian Gulf (see picture). several(prenominal) months after the spill, the poisoned waters killed 20. 000 seabirds and had caused severe damage to local marine flora and fauna. The fires in the oil wells caused immense amounts of lampblack and toxic fumes to enter the atmosphere. This had great effects on the health of the local population and biota for several years. The defilement also had a possible impact on local weather patterns.Tsunami and Love CanalAtsunami(harbor wave) ortidal waveis a series of water waves (called atsunami wave train) caused by the displacement of a large volume of a body of water, usually an ocean, but can occur inlarge lakes. Tsunamis are a frequent circumstance in Japan approximately 195 events have been recorded. Due to the immense volumes of water and energy involved, tsunamis can devastate coastal regions.Earthquakes,volcanic eruptionsand otherunderwate r explosions(including detonations of underwaternuclear devices), landslidesand othermass movements,meteorite ocean impacts or similar impact events, and other disturbances above or below water all have the potential to generate a tsunami. TheGreekhistorianThucydideswas the first to relate tsunami tosubmarine earthquakes,but understanding of tsunamis nature remained slim until the 20th century and is the subject of ongoing research. Many earlygeological,geographical, and oceanographictexts refer to tsunamis as seismic sea waves. CHARACTERISTICS While everydaywind waveshave awavelength(from crest to crest) of about 100meters (330 ft) and a height of roughly 2meters (6. 6 ft), a tsunami in the deep ocean has a wavelength of about 200kilometers (120 mi). Such a wave travels at well over 800kilometers per hour (500 mph), but due to the enormous wavelength the wave oscillation at any given point takes 20 or 30 minutes to complete a cycle and has amplitude of only about 1meter (3. 3 ft). This makes tsunamis difficult to detect over deep water. Ships rarely notice their passage.As the tsunami approaches the coast and the waters become shallow,wave shoalingcompresses the wave and its speed slows below 80kilometers per hour (50 mph). Its wavelength diminishes to less than 20kilometers (12 mi) and its amplitude grows enormously, producing a distinctly visible wave. Since the wave still has such a long wavelength, the tsunami may take minutes to reach full height. Except for the very largest tsunamis, the approaching wave does not break (like asurf break), but rather appears like a fast movingtidal bore.Open bays and coastlines adjacent to very deep water may shape the tsunami further into a step-like wave with a steep-breaking front. When the tsunamis wave peak reaches the shore, the resulting temporary rise in sea level is termed run up. Run up is measured in meters above a reference sea level. A large tsunami may feature multiple waves arriving over a period of hours , with significant time between the wave crests. The first wave to reach the shore may not have the highest run up. About 80% of tsunamis occur in the Pacific Ocean, but are possible wherever there are large bodies of water, including lakes.They are caused by earthquakes, landslides, volcanic explosions, andbolides. GENERATION MECHANISMS The principal generation mechanism (or cause) of a tsunami is the displacement of a substantial volume of water or perturbation of the sea. This displacement of water is usually attributed to earthquakes, landslides, volcanic eruptions, or more rarely by meteorites and nuclear tests. The waves formed in this way are then sustained by gravity. It is important to note thattidesdo not play any part in the generation of tsunamis hence referring to tsunamis as tidal waves is inaccurate.Seismicity generated tsunamis Tsunamis can be generated when the sea floor abruptly deforms and vertically displaces the overlying water. Tectonic earthquakes are a partic ular kind of earthquake that are associated with the earths crustal deformation when these earthquakes occur beneath the sea, the water above the deformed area is displaced from its equilibrium position. More specifically, a tsunami can be generated whenthrust faultsassociated withconvergentor destructiveplate boundariesmove abruptly, resulting in water displacement, due to the vertical component of movement involved.Movement on normal faults will also cause displacement of the seabed, but the size of the largest of such events is normally too small to give rise to a significant tsunami. pic pic pic pic Drawing oftectonic plate Overriding plate bulges under Plate slips, causing The energy released produces boundarybefore earthquake. strain, causing tectonic uplift. subsidenceand releasing energy tsunami waves. into water. Tsunamis have a smallamplitude(wave height) offshore, and a very longwavelength(often hundreds of kilometers long), which is why they generally pass unnotice d at sea, forming only a slight swell usually about 300millimeters (12 in) above the normal sea surface. They grow in height when they reach shallower water, in awave shoalingprocess described below. A tsunami can occur in any tidal state and even at low tide can still inundate coastal areas. On April 1, 1946, a magnitude-7. 8 (Richter scale)earthquakeoccurred near theAleutian Islands,Alaska.It generated a tsunami which inundatedHiloon the island of Hawaiis with a 14meters (46 ft) high surge. The area where theearthquakeoccurred is where thePacific Oceanfloor issubducting(or being pushed downwards) underAlaska. Examples of tsunami at locations away fromconvergent boundariesincludeStoreggaabout 8,000 years ago,Grand Banks1929,Papua New Guinea1998 (Tappin, 2001). The Grand Banks and Papua New Guinea tsunamis came from earthquakes which destabilized sediments, causing them to flow into the ocean and generate a tsunami. They dissipated before traveling transoceanic distances.The cause o f the Storegga sediment failure is unknown. Possibilities include an overloading of the sediments, an earthquake or a release of gas hydrates (methane etc. ) The1960 Valdivia earthquake(Mw9. 5) (1911 hrs UTC),1964 Alaska earthquake(Mw9. 2), and2004 Indian Ocean earthquake(Mw9. 2) (005853 UTC) are recent examples of powerful mega thrustearthquakes that generated tsunamis (known asteletsunamis) that can cross entire oceans. Smaller (Mw4. 2) earthquakes in Japan can trigger tsunamis (calledlocaland regional tsunamis) that can only devastate nearby coasts, but can do so in only a few minutes.In the 1950s, it was discovered that larger tsunamis than had previously been believed possible could be caused by giantlandslides. These phenomena rapidly displace large water volumes, as energy from falling debris or expansion transfers to the water at a rate faster than the water can absorb. Their existence was confirmed in 1958, when a giant landslide in Lituya Bay,Alaska, caused the highest wav e ever recorded, which had a height of 524 meters (over 1700 feet). The wave didnt travel far, as it struck land almost immediately. Two people fishing in the bay were killed, but another boat amazingly managed to ride the wave.Scientists named these wavesmega tsunami. Scientists discovered that extremely large landslides from volcanic island collapses can generatemega tsunami that can travel trans-oceanic distances. SCALES OF INTENSITY AND MAGNITUDE As with earthquakes, several attempts have been made to set up scales of tsunami intensity or magnitude to allow comparison between different events. Intensity scales The first scales used routinely to measure the intensity of tsunami were theSieberg-Ambraseys scale, used in theMediterranean Seaand theImamura-Iida intensity scale, used in the Pacific Ocean.The latter scale was modified by Soloviev, who calculated the Tsunami intensityIaccording to the formula pic WhereHavis the average wave height along the nearest coast. This scale, kn own as theSoloviev-Imamura tsunami intensity scale, is used in the global tsunami catalogues compiled by theNGDC/NOAAand the Novosibirsk Tsunami Laboratory as the main parameter for the size of the tsunami. Magnitude scales The first scale that genuinely calculated a magnitude for a tsunami, rather than an intensity at a particular location was the ML scale proposed by Murty & Loomis based on the potential energy.Difficulties in calculating the potential energy of the tsunami mean that this scale is rarely used. Abe introduced thetsunami magnitude scaleMt, calculated from, pic wherehis the maximum tsunami-wave amplitude (in m) measured by a tide gauge at a distanceRfrom the epicenter,a,b&Dare constants used to make the Mtscale match as closely as possible with the moment magnitude scale. WARNINGS AND PREDICTIONS Drawbacks can serve as a brief warning. People who observe drawback (many survivors report an accompanying sucking sound), can survive only if they immediately run for high ground or seek the upper floors of nearby buildings.In 2004, ten-year oldTilly SmithofSurrey,England, was onMaikhao beachinPhuket,Thailandwith her parents and sister, and having learned about tsunamis recently in school, told her family that a tsunami might be imminent. Her parents warned others minutes before the wave arrived, saving dozens of lives. She credited her geography teacher, Andrew Kearney. In the2004 Indian Ocean tsunamidrawback was not reported on the African coast or any other eastern coasts it reached. This was because the wave moved downwards on the eastern side of the fault line and upwards on the western side.The western pulse hit coastal Africa and other western areas. A tsunami cannot be precisely predicted, even if the magnitude and location of an earthquake is known. Geologists,oceanographers, and seismologistsanalyze each earthquake and based on many factors may or may not issue a tsunami warning. However, there are some warning signs of an impending tsunami, and automated systems can provide warnings immediately after an earthquake in time to save lives. One of the most successful systems uses bottom pressure sensors that are attached to buoys. The sensors constantly monitor the pressure of the overlying water column.This is deduced through the calculation pic Where, P= the overlyingpressurein Newton per meter square, ? = thedensityof theseawater = 1. 1 x 103kg/m3, g= theacceleration due to gravity = 9. 8 m/s2and h= the height of the water column in meters. Hence for a water column of 5,000 m depth the overlying pressure is equal to pic Or about 5500tonnes-forceper square meter. Regions with a high tsunami risk typically usetsunami warning systemsto warn the population before the wave reaches land. On the west coast of the United States, which is prone to Pacific Ocean tsunami, warning signs indicate evacuation routes.In Japan, the community is well-educated about earthquakes and tsunamis, and along the Japanese shorelines the tsunami warning signs are reminders of the natural hazards together with a network of warning sirens, typically at the top of the cliff of surroundings hills. ThePacific Tsunami Warning Systemis based inHonolulu,Hawaii. It monitors Pacific Ocean seismic activity. A sufficiently large earthquake magnitude and other information trigger a tsunami warning. While the seduction zones around the Pacific are seismically active, not all earthquakes generate tsunami.Computers assist in analyzing the tsunami risk of every earthquake that occurs in the Pacific Ocean and the adjoining land masses. pic pic pic pic Tsunami hazard sign A tsunami warning sign on The monument to the victims of Tsunami memorial atBamfield,British Columbia aseawallinKamakura, Japan, tsunami at Laupahoehoe,Hawaii inKanyakumaribeach 2004. As a direct result of the Indian Ocean tsunami, a re-appraisal of the tsunami threat for all coastal areas is being undertaken by national governments and the United Nations Disaster Miti gation Committee. A tsunami warning system is being installed in the Indian Ocean. Computer models can predict tsunami arrival, usually within minutes of the arrival time. Bottom pressure sensors relay information in real time. Based on these pressure readings and other seismic information and the seafloors shape and coastaltopography, the models estimate the amplitude and surge height of the approaching tsunami.All Pacific Rim countries collaborate in the Tsunami Warning System and most regularly practice evacuation and other procedures. In Japan, such preparation is mandatory for government, local authorities, emergency services and the population. Some zoologists hypothesize that some animal species have an ability to sense subsonicRayleigh wavesfrom an earthquake or a tsunami. If correct, monitoring their behavior could provide advance warning of earthquakes, tsunami etc. However, the evidence is controversial and is not widely accepted.There are unsubstantiated claims about the Lisbon quake that some animals escaped to higher ground, while many other animals in the same areas drowned. The phenomenon was also noted by media sources inSri Lankain the2004 Indian Ocean earthquake. 2122It is possible that certain animals (e. g. ,elephants) may have heard the sounds of the tsunami as it approached the coast. The elephants reaction was to move away from the approaching noise. By contrast, some humans went to the shore to investigate and many drowned as a result. It is not possible to prevent a tsunami.However, in some tsunami-prone countries someearthquake engineeringmeasures have been taken to reduce the damage caused on shore. Japanbuilt many tsunami walls of up to 4. 5metres (15 ft) to protect populated coastal areas. Other localities have builtfloodgatesand channels to redirect the water from incoming tsunami. However, their effectiveness has been questioned, as tsunami often overtop the barriers. For instance, theOkushiri, Hokkaido tsunamiwhich struckOkushi ri IslandofHokkaidowithin two to five minutes of theearthquake on July 12, 1993created waves as much as 30metres (100 ft) tallas high as a 10-story building.The port town of Aonae was completely surrounded by a tsunami wall, but the waves washed right over the wall and destroyed all the wood-framed structures in the area. The wall may have succeeded in slowing down and moderating the height of the tsunami, but it did not prevent major destruction and loss of life. 23 Natural factors such as shoreline tree cover can mitigate tsunami effects. Some locations in the path of the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami escaped almost unscathed because trees such ascoconut palmsandmangrovesabsorbed the tsunamis energy.In one striking example, the village ofNaluvedapathyin IndiasTamil Naduregion suffered only minimal damage and few deaths because the wave broke against a forest of 80,244 trees planted along the shoreline in 2002 in a bid to enter theGuinness Book of Records. 24Environmentalists have sugg ested tree planting along tsunami-prone seacoasts. Trees require years to grow to a useful size, but such plantations could offer a much cheaper and longer-lasting means of tsunami mitigation than artificial barriers. The Love Canal chemical waste dumpIn 1920 Hooker Chemical had turned an area in Niagara Falls into a municipal and chemical disposal site. In 1953 the site was filled and relatively modern methods were applied to cover it. A thick layer of impermeable red clay sealed the dump, preventing chemicals from leaking out of the landfill. A city near the dumpsite cute to buy it for urban expansion. Despite the warnings of Hooker the city eventually bought the site for the meager amount of 1 dollar. Hooker could not sell for more, because they did not want to earn money off a project so clearly unwise.The city began to dig to develop a sewer, damaging the red clay cap that covered the dumpsite below. Blocks of homes and a school were built and the neighborhood was named Love C anal. Love Canal seemed like a regular neighborhood. The only thing that distinguished this neighborhood from other was the strange odors that often hung in the air and an unusual seepage noticed by inhabitants in their basements and yards. Children in the neighborhood often fell ill. Love Canal families regularly experienced miscarriages and birth defects.Lois Gibbs, an activist, noticed the high occurrence of illness and birth defects in the area and started documenting it. In 1978 newspapers revealed the existence of the chemical waste dump in the Love Canal area and Lois Gibbs started petitioning for closing the school. In August 1978, the claim succeeded and the NYS Health Department ordered closing of the school when a child suffered from chemical poisoning. When Love Canal was researched over 130 pounds of the highly toxic carcinogenic TCDD, a form of dioxin, was discovered. The total of 20. 00 tons of waste present in the landfill appeared to contain more than 248 different species of chemicals. The waste mainly consisted of pesticide residues and chemical weapons research refuse. The chemicals had entered homes, sewers, yards and creeks and Gibbs decided it was time for the more than 900 families to be moved away from the location. Eventually President Carter provided funds to move all the families to a safer area. Hookers parent company was sued and settled for 20 million dollars. Despite protests by Gibbss organization some of the houses in Love Canal went up for sale some 20 years later.The majority of the houses are on the market now and the neighborhood may become inhabited again after 20 years of abandonment. The houses in Love Canal are hard to sell, despite a renaming of the neighborhood. It suffered such a bad reputation after the incident that banks refused mortgages on the houses. None of the chemicals have been removed from the dumpsite. It has been resealed and the surrounding area was cleaned and declared safe. Hookers mother company pai d an additional 230 million dollars to finance this cleanup. They are now responsible for the management of the dumpsite.Today, the Love Canal dumpsite is known as one of the major environmental disasters of the century. **** Love Canal is an abandoned canal in Niagara County, New York, where a huge amount of toxic waste was buried. The waste was composed of at least 300 different chemicals, totaling an estimated 20,000 metric tons. The existence of the waste was discovered in the 1970s when families living in homes subsequently built next to the site found chemical wastes seeping up through the ground into their basements, forcing them to eventually abandon their homes.Love Canal was used from the 1940s through the 1950s by the Hooker Chemical Company and the city of Niagara Falls, among others, to dispose of their hazardous and municipal wastes and other refuse. The canal was surrounded by clay and was thought at the time to be a safe place for disposaland, in fact, burying chemic als in the canal was probably safer than many other methods and sites used for chemical disposal at the time. In 1953, the Niagara Falls Board of Education bought the land-fill for $1 and constructed an elementary school with playing fields on the site.Roads and sewer lines were added and, in the early 1970s, single-family homes were built adjacent to the site. Following a couple of heavy rains in the mid-1970s, the canal flooded and chemicals were observed on the surface of the site and in the basements of houses abutting the site. Newspaper coverage, investigations by the State of New York and by the U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, combined with pressure from the districts U. S. congressional representative and outrage on the part of local residents, led to the declaration of a health emergency involving great and imminent peril to the health of the general public. Ultimately, in August, 1978, a decision was made by Governor Hugh Carey, supported by the White House, to evac uate the residents and purchase 240 homes surrounding the site. Shortly thereafter, the residents of nearby homes that did not immediately abut the site also became concerned about their health and conducted a health survey that purported to show an increase in the occurrence of various diseases and problems such as birth defects and miscarriages, which were attributed to chemical exposures.A great controversy ensued over whether the observations were real or reflected normal rates of such problems, and whether chemical exposures had, in fact, occurred. Eventually, political pressure resulted in families being given an opportunity to leave and have their homes purchased by the State. About 70 homes remained occupied in 1989 by families who chose not to move. The controversy at Love Canal followed on the heels of the heightened awareness that occurred in the 1960s about environmental contamination, and it contributed to public and regulatory concern about hazardous wastes, waste disp osal, and disclosure of such practices.Such concerns led Congress to pass the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) and the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) in 1976, and the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA), also known as the Superfund bill, in 1980. When CERCLA was passed, few were aware of the extent of the problem potentially created by years of inappropriate or inadequate hazardous waste disposal practices. Since implementing CERCLA, the U. S.Environmental Protection Agency has identified more than 40,000 potentially contaminated Superfund sites. The Gulf War In August 1990 Iraqi forces invaded Kuwait, starting the Gulf War in which an allegiance of 34 nations worldwide was involved. In January1991of the Gulf War, Iraqi forces committed two environmental disasters. The first was a major oil spill 16 kilometers off the shore of Kuwait by dumping oil from several tankers and opening the valves of an offshore terminal. The se cond was the setting fire to 650 oil wells in Kuwait.The apparent strategic goal of the action was to prevent a potential landing by US Marines. American air strikes on January 26 destroyed pipelines to prevent further spillage into the Gulf. This however seemed to make little difference. Approximately one million tons of crude oil was already lost to the environment, making this the largest oil spill of human history. In the spring of 1991, as many as 500 oil wells were still burning and the last oil well was not extinguished until a few months later, in November.The oil spills did considerable damage to life in the Persian Gulf (see picture). Several months after the spill, the poisoned waters killed 20. 000 seabirds and had caused severe damage to local marine flora and fauna. The fires in the oil wells caused immense amounts of soot and toxic fumes to enter the atmosphere. This had great effects on the health of the local population and biota for several years. The pollution als o had a possible impact on local weather patterns.