Adults with Learning Disabilities Essays -- Technology Education Essay

Adults with Learning DisabilitiesThe field has not quite reached consensus on definitions of LD, and there are professionals as well as members of the public who do not understand them or believe they exist. For example, in a Roper (1995) survey of 1,200 adults, 85% associated LD with mental retardation 66% with deafness, and 60% with blindness. In Roccos (1997) research, faculty questioned the foundation of certain conditions or if they existed, the appropriateness of classifying the condition as a dis powerfulness (p. 158). However, most definitions describe learning disabilities as a group of disorders that affect the ability to acquire and use listening, speaking, reading, writing, reasoning, or math skills (Gerber and Reiff 1994 National Adult Literacy and Learning Disabilities Center 1995a National Center for Learning Disabilities 1997). These difficulties vary in severity, may escape across the lifespan, and may affect one or more areas of a persons life, including learning, work, and social and emotional functioning. Federal regulations for implementing the Rehabilitation Act and the Americans with Disabilities Act use the precondition specific learning disabilities disorders in one or more central nervous system processes involved in perceiving, understanding, and using verbal or signed information (Gerber and Reiff 1994). Specific indicates that the disability affects only certain learning processes. Although adults with LD consistently describe being labeled as stupid or slow learners (Brown, Druck, and Corcoran in Gerber and Reiff 1994), they usually have average or above average intelligence. People with learning disabilities are the largest segment of the disability population, and growing numbers of col... ..., DC NALLD, 1995b. (ED 387 988) Reiff, H. B. Ginsberg, R. and Gerber, P. J. untested Perspectives on Teaching from Successful Adults with Learning Disabilities. Remedial and Special Education 16, no. 1 (January 1995) 29-37. (EJ 497 555 ) Riviere, A. Assistive Technology Meeting the Needs of Adults with Learning Disabilities. Washington, DC NALLD, 1996. (ED 401 686) Rocco, T. S. Hesitating to Disclose. In Proceedings of the 16th Annual Midwest Research-to-Practice Conference in Adult, Continuing, and Community Education, edited by S. J. Levine, pp. 157-163. East Lansing Michigan give tongue to University, October 1997. Roper Starch Worldwide, Inc. Learning Disabilities and the American Public. Roper Starch Worldwide, Inc, 1995. (ED 389 101) Telander, J. E. The Adjustment of Learning Disabled Adults. Ph.D. diss., Biola University, 1994. (ED 372 586)

Is Copy Protection Cracking Ethical? Essay -- Technology Hackers Copyr

Is Copy Protection Cracking Ethical? IntroductionThere are umteen types of hackers in the world. One group of hackers focuses on breaking copy testimonial schemes. Copy protection schemes prevent the illegal write of software, music, etc. By walkover these schemes, people are then able to use and copy the item without the copy protection preventing or hindering their use. This process is commonly known as cracking and the hackers involved in the process are known as crackers. Cracking is commonly viewed as an illegal act in many countries as it is typically used to steal copies of the right of first publicationed item. However, there are benefits to cracking. It can remove the inconveniences the copy protection scheme imposes on users and in some cases grant users to work around incompatibilities with the copy protection. So the question comes down to, is it ethical for someone to crack copy protection schemes? What is Copy Protection? Copy protection comes in many forms. Its pr imary purpose is to prevent a person from making a perfect copy of the original. Since the creation of CD burners this technology allows copyright owners to prevent someone from making copies of their intellectual property and either giving them away for free or selling them at a cheaper price without pay royalties to the copyright owner. One type of protection is used on software products. This protection comes in two pieces. The first piece prevents a user from copying the CD. This is usually done by having a portion of the CD unreadable by CD drives. The second portion of the protection requires that the user insert the CD in the drive in order to use the application. This check involves validating the CD as an original CD which would include look... ...f the property then it is unethical.References Stanford University, Stanford copyright & Fair Use, 2003 http//fairuse.stanford.edu/US Copyright Office, Digital Millennium Copyright Act of 1998 Summary, December 1998 http//www.c opyright.gov/legislation/dmca.pdfWorld Intellectual Property Organization, The Collection of Laws for Electronic Access, http//clea.wipo.int/ problem Software Alliance, Global Piracy Study, 2002 http//global.bsa.org/globalstudy/Game Copy World, 2004 http//www.gamecopyworld.comBusiness Software Alliance, BSA Logo, 2004SecuROM, 2004 http//www.securom.comSafeDisc, 2004 http//www.safedisc.comHarvard Law School, DeCSS FAQ, 2000 http//cyber.law.harvard.edu/openlaw/DVD/dvd-discuss-faq.htmlWired News, DVD-Cracking Teen Acquitted, January 2003 http//www.wired.com/news/politics/0,1283,57107,00.html

Exploring Methodological Individualism Essay -- Psychology

Exploring Methodological IndividualismABSTRACT I defend the truth of the principle of methodological individualism in the sociable perceptions. I do so by criticizing mistaken ideas about the relation between individual people and accessible entities held by earlier defenders of the principle. I argue, first, that social science is committed to the intentional positioning the domain of social science, therefore, coincides with the domain of intentionally described human action. Second, I argue that social entitites are a priori terms, but quite different from the entities used in the natural sciences to explain our empirical evidence. Social entities (such as institutions) are conventional and open-ended constructions, the applications of which is a numerate of judgment, not of discovery. The terms in which these social entities are constructed are the beliefs, expectations and desires, and the corresponding actions of individual people. The relation between the social and the i ndividual levels differs fundamentally from that between, say, the cellular and the molecular(a) in biology. Third, I claim that methodological individualism does not amount to a reduction of social science to psychology rather, the science of psychology should be divided. Intentional psychology forms in tandom with the analysis of social institutions, unitary psycho-social science cognitive psychology tries to explain how the brain works and especially how the intentional stance is applicable to human behavior. The principle of methodological individualism in the social sciences has its origin in the Austrian school of economics and was introduced into the philosophy of social science in general by Friedrich Hayek and Karl Popper. Hayek was the first to us... ... the Aristotelian Society 76, 1-27.Rosenberg, Alexander (1980), Sociobiology and the preemption of social science. Baltmore Johns Hopkins University Press.Ruben, David-Hillel (1985), The metaphysics of the social world. Lo ndon etc. Routledge & Kegan Paul.Stich, Stephen (1983), From folk psychology to cognitive science. The case against belief. Cambridge, Mass./London MIT Press.Thornhill, Nancy Wilmsen (1991), An evolutionary analysis of rules regulating human inbreeding and marriage, Brain and Behavioral Sciences 14, 247-261.Tuomela, Raimo (1984), A theory of social action. Dordrecht etc. D. Reidel. (1995), The importance of us. A philosophic study of basic social notions. Stanford, Cal. Stanford University Press.Watkins, John (1952), Ideal types and historical explanation, British Journal for the Philosophy of Science 3, 22-43.

Defining Modernism Essay -- Definition Essays

Defining ModernismModernism described as consummation in arts would best be described as a movement that was used to unit America after a period of crisis, it did this by it being centered on explorations into the spiritual nature of men and the value of his society and institutions. In a way it was like realism they too rivet on the changes on society. The modernistic writers always wrote in a very formal defined form. Modernism also played a very authorised role as a movement in poetry. The way modernism did this was it brought so much more opportunity to the poet as a way of writing. The poet is straightaway able to express themselves in new ways. If it was not for modernism who knows if we would be talking about the works of Emily Dickinson today, after all it was modernism that got her ...

The Strange New World of Virtual Reality :: Computers Internet Technology

The Strange New World of Virtual RealityVirtual Reality is a creation of a highly interactive estimator based multimedia environment in which the user becomes a participant with the computer in a virtual(prenominal)ly real(a) world. We are vivification in an era characterized by 3D virtual systems created by computer graphics. In the concept called Virtual Reality (VR), the virtual reality engineer is compounding computer, video, image-processing, and sensor technologies so that a human can enter into and react with spaces generated by computer graphics. In 1969-70, a MIT scientist went to the University of Utah, where he began to work with vector generated graphics. He built a see-through helmet that used television screens and half-silvered mirrors, so that the environment was visible through the TV exposes. It was not yet designed to provide a surrounding environment. It was not until the mid 80s that virtual reality systems were becoming more defined. The AMES contract start ed in 1985, came up with the first glove in February 1986. The glove is do of thin Lycra and is fitted with 15 sensors that monitor finger flexion, extension, hand position and orientation. Connected to a computer through fiber optic cables. sensor inputs enable the computer to generate an on screen image of the hand that follows the operators hand movements. The glove also has miniature vibrators in the finger tips to provide feedback to the operator from grasped virtual objects. Therefore, drive by the proper software, the system allows the operator to interact by grabbing and moving a virtual object within a simulated room, while experiencing the notice of the object. The virtual reality line includes the Datasuit and the Eyephone. The Dtasuit is an instrumented full-body garment that enables full-body interaction with a computer constructed virtual world. In one use, this product is worn by film actors to arrest realistic movement to animated characters in computer generated special effects. The Eyephone is a head mounted stereo display that shows a computer made virtual world in full color and 3D. The Eyephone technology is based on an experimental Virtual Interface Environment Workstation (VIEW) design. VIEW is a head-mounted stereoscopic display system with two 3.9 inch television screens, one for each eye. The display can be a computer generated scene or a real environment sent by remote video cameras. Sound effects delivered to the headset increase the realism. It was intended to use the glove and software for such ideas as a surgical simulation, or 3D virtual surgery for medical students.

The Strange New World of Virtual Reality :: Computers Internet Technology

The Strange New World of practical(prenominal) creationVirtual Reality is a creation of a highly interactive computer based multimedia environment in which the wasting diseaser becomes a participant with the computer in a virtually real world. We are living in an era characterized by 3D virtual systems created by computer graphics. In the concept called Virtual Reality (VR), the virtual reality engineer is combining computer, video, image-processing, and sensor technologies so that a human can enter into and react with spaces generated by computer graphics. In 1969-70, a MIT scientist went to the University of Utah, where he began to work with vector generated graphics. He built a see- by means of helmet that used television screens and half-silvered mirrors, so that the environment was visible through the TV displays. It was not yet designed to provide a surrounding environment. It was not until the mid 80s that virtual reality systems were becoming more defined. The AMES contrac t started in 1985, came up with the first glove in February 1986. The glove is made of thin Lycra and is fitted with 15 sensors that monitor finger flexion, extension, hand position and orientation. Connected to a computer through fiber optic cables. sensor inputs enable the computer to generate an on screen image of the hand that follows the operators hand movements. The glove also has miniature vibrators in the finger tips to provide feedback to the operator from grasped virtual marks. Therefore, driven by the proper software, the system allows the operator to interact by grabbing and moving a virtual object within a simulated room, while experiencing the feel of the object. The virtual reality line includes the Datasuit and the Eyeph ace. The Dtasuit is an instrumented full-body garment that enables full-body interaction with a computer constructed virtual world. In one use, this product is worn by film actors to give realistic movement to animated characters in computer generat ed special effects. The Eyephone is a head mounted biaural display that shows a computer made virtual world in full color and 3D. The Eyephone technology is based on an experimental Virtual port wine Environment Workstation (VIEW) design. VIEW is a head-mounted stereoscopic display system with two 3.9 inch television screens, one for each eye. The display can be a computer generated scene or a real environment sent by remote video cameras. Sound effects delivered to the headset increase the realism. It was intended to use the glove and software for such ideas as a surgical simulation, or 3D virtual surgery for medical students.

History and Methods of science Essay

Isotope, sensation or two or more species of atom having the same atomic number, hence constituting the same element, but differing on mass number. As atomic number is equivalent to the number of protons in the nucleus, and mass number is the sum total of the protons plus the neutrons in the nucleus, isotopes of the same element differ from one another only in the number of neutrons in their nuclei. Source Isotope, Microsoft Encarta 2006 (DVD), Redmond, WA Microsoft Corporation 2005.Atom, tiny basic building block of matter. All the material on earth is composed of various combinations of atoms. Atoms are the smallest particles of a chemical element that still exhibit all the chemical properties unique to that element. A row of c million atoms would be only about a centimeter long. Understanding atoms is key to understanding the physical world. More than 100 different elements exist in nature.Each with its own unique atomic makeup. The atoms of these elements react with one another and combine in different ways to form a virtually outright number of chemical compounds. When two or more atoms combine, they form a molecule. For example, two atoms of the element hydrogen (H) combine with one atom of the element oxygen (O) to form a molecule of water. Source Atom, Microsoft Encarta 2006 (DVD), Redmond, WA Microsoft Corporation 2005.

Phillips

Denise Phillips, revised 25 July 2012 Denise Phillips, revised 25 July 2012 Why Hazaras hightail it An historical perspective of their perse geldedion1 Submission for the Governments Expert Panel on bema Seekers ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Denise Phillips BA (Hons), PhD Candidate, University of New Eng bolt down, 19 July 2012 Quetta ar similarly discussed. The gone ethnic and phantasmal animosity against minority Shiite Hazaras continues to drive the bloodletting today. When we shift our esponsibilities offshore, vilify refugees and pursue a punitive style of deterrence as a solution, we ignore these past and present atrocities. Executive abstract This paper provides historical information about the get-go country, Afghanistan. As minority Shiites, Hazaras current persecution is borne out of an unresolved, century-old religious and ethnic hatred of them. This has resulted in massacres, disposs ession of their lands and decades of institutionalised discrimination. Their persecution was fiercely reignited during the civil struggle and by the Taliban in the 1990s.Understanding that history is critical to policy-making. Not yet be Hazaras dying on boats, but also in Afghanistan and Pakistan. Australia must respond to this over-all crisis with humanity rather than punitive measures. I support the recommendations made in the Asylum Seeker Resource Centres submission and the Open Letter. As Afghanistan moves towards a possible Taliban alliance or faces growing lawlessness, and as Hazaras continue to be slain or attacked in Hazara-populated regions and in neighbouring Quetta, Hazaras are likely to continue to flee and rich person grounds under the 1951 Refugee Convention to precaution persecution.Introduction In contending the trouble of asylum renderers risking their lives on boat journeys to Australia, the reasons for their flight should remain at the forestrawman of po licy-making and political debate. I offer an historical overview of a key source country, Afghanistan, and of the origins of Hazaras persecution. Current crises in both Afghanistan and Abdur Rahmans subjugation of Hazaras in the nineteenth century After the traditionally preponderant Pashtuns and the Tajiks, Hazaras are the third largest ethnic class in Afghanistan, although a minority. The Hazaras traditionally live in theHazarajat, a loosely defined region within the central highlands. While about 85 per centum of Afghanistans population follow Sunni Islam, most Hazaras are Shiite Muslims, causing them to be condemned as infidels at different points throughout history. 2 Their suffering began in anxious in the late 1800s. The Hazaras were a semi- autonomous society living in Afghanistans central highlands, the Hazarajat. The entire Hazara population peradventure numbered over half a million, with about 340,000 families in the Hazarajat. Although non a cohesive group, most we re Shiites and spoke theHazaragi language, a derivative of Dari. In contrast, their surrounding ethnic groups were mostly Sunni Muslims and spoke sheepskin coat or Dari. 3 Against a backdrop of imperial tensions betwixt Britain and Czarist Russia, Britain helped install an anti-Russian Pashtun, Amir Abdur Rahman (1880-1901), on the throne in Kabul in 1880. In between British India and Russia. 4 exchange for a British annual subsidy, Afghanistan was to provide a buffer zone In the previous century, the Pashtun tribal ruler, Ahmad Shah Durrani (1747-1773), had already established a pattern of subjugating sub-groups and other ethnic groups within he region. To bring Afghanistans many different tribes under a centralised authority, Abdur Rahman title the Durrani Pashtuns as supreme and mobilised Sunni Islam with a patriotic xenophobia. Condemning Shiite Hazaras as infidels, Rahid Rahman 1 Over-all notes drawn from Denise Phillips, From Afghanistan to Australia An oral history of loss and hope among Hazara refugees, PhD thesis, University of New England, Armidale (forthcoming) Denise Phillips, Wounded fund of Hazara refugees from Afghanistan Remembering and forgetting persecution, History Australia, vol. , no. 2, fearful 2011, pp. 177-198 and Denise Phillips, Hazaras persecution worsens Will the new organisation show leadership by lifting the suspension on Afghani asylum claims? , Australian Policy and History, August 2010, http//www. aph. org. au/files/articles/hazarasPersecution. htm. 2 William Maley, credential, People Smuggling and Australias New Afghan Refugees, Working Paper no. 63, p. 8 M. Hassan Kakar, The pacification of the Hazaras, in M. Hassan Kakar, A Political and Diplomatic History of Afghanistan, 1863-1901, Leiden, 2006, p. 26. 3 Sayed Askar Mousavi, The Hazaras of Afghanistan An Historical, Cultural, Economic and Political Study, Richmond, 1998, p. 114 Kakar, The pacification of the Hazaras, pp. 120-122, 126. Amin Saikal, with assistance from Ravan Farhadi & Kirill Nourzhanov, Modern Afghanistan A History of Struggle and Survival, London, 2004, pp. 6, 7, 12. 4 1 2 Denise Phillips, revised 25 July 2012 Denise Phillips, revised 25 July 2012 rallied exchangeiers and tribal levies to quash Hazara rebellions in the Afghan-Hazara wars of 1891-1893.Hazaras were slain, raped and sold into slavery. Soldiers piled Hazaras heads into towers to warn others against dissent, and some were skinned to death or had their tongues cut out. Although slavery was banned in 1895, many remained enslaved until King Amanullahs emancipation laws were passed in the 1920s. Much of the Hazarajat was decimated, and their agricultural economy destroyed. Starving, some ate grass and sold their children for wheat to survive. The Hazaras were fined for rebelling and taxed indiscriminately. All facets of Afghani organisation, society and law conspired against Hazaras, seeking to destroy their property, tribal systems, religion and polish. Rahid Rahman attempted to impose Sunni Islam and demanded that qazis (judges) and muftis (Islamic leaders) in various regulates use only Hanafi, a Sunni Islamic legal system, for dealing with Hazaras. To depopulate the Hazarajat, the government issued firmans, royal decrees, authorising Pashtun nomads, Kuchis, to access Hazaras lands for grazing their livestock. Possibly several tens of thousands fled to Central Asia, and Balochistan in what is at present Pakistan. Victorious, Rahid Rahman demeaned the Hazaras and claimed that Afghanis cut them as enemies of their country and religion,7 laying the foundation for a century of persecution to the present. Marginalisation in the twentieth century Successive governments commit since marginalised Hazaras. Under the touchstone of nationalism in the early 1900s, ruling Pashtuns tried to assert their identity, culture and history over all other ethnic groups. The Hazarajat was removed from official maps and lands were divide into quintuplet provin ces to weaken the Hazaras political authority.King Nadir Shah (1929-1933) outlawed the promotion of Hazara history and culture, 5 Peter Marsden, Afghanistan Minorities, Conflict and the Search for Peace, London, 2001, p. 6 Saikal, Modern Afghanistan, pp. 5, 12, 17, 35-39 Kakar, The pacification of the Hazaras, pp. 120122, 132-137 Burchard Brentjes & Helga Brentjes, Taliban A Shadow over Afghanistan, Varanasi, 2000, p. 75 Mousavi, The Hazaras of Afghanistan, pp. 101, 120-129, 131-136. 6 Kakar, The pacification of the Hazaras, pp. 137, 138 Lenard Milich, The Behsud conflicts in Afghanistan A blueprint to avoid further clashes in 2009 and beyond, Eurasia Critic, June 2009, pp. , 3, http//www. eurasiacritic. com/articles, accessed 10 June 2010 Alessandro Monsutti, trans. Patrick Camiller, War and Migration societal Net elaborates and Economic Strategies of the Hazaras of Afghanistan, New York, 2005, p. 105. 7 Mir Munshi Sultan Mahomed Khan (ed. ), The Life of Abdur Rahman, Amir of Afgh anistan, with a new introduction by M. E. Yapp, vol. 1, Karachi, 1980 (1900), pp. 276-279, 282-284. imprisoning or executing intellectuals who wrote on the subject. authoritative policies tried to strip names associated with the Hazaras from historical archives. Between the 1930s nd 1970s, the Anjom-e Tarikh (Historical Society), aided by the Pashto Tolana (Pashto Academy), rewrote much of Afghanistans official histories. Significant texts were also reportedly burnt. Until 1978, the Hazaras were marginalised, taxed indiscriminately, and denied equal rights and vital infrastructure in their villages. 8 Former president of Afghanistan Dr Najibullah (1986-1992) acknowledged their suffering, saying that the most difficult and lowliest paid jobs, poverty, illiteracy, social and nationalist committed, and bloodshed continues to this day. discrimination were the lot of the Hazara community. No justice was gained for atrocities Massacres during the civil war and Taliban regime Hazaras bec ame politically mobilised in the 1980s and have since gained greater political representation. However, their persecution was savagely re-ignited during the civil war by rival ethnic groups and by the Taliban. In 1993, soldiers under command of the Rabbani government (1992-1996) targeted the stronghold of the Hazaras political party, the Hizb-e Wahdat, in Afshar, a district in West Kabul with a large Hazara population. Soldiers, however, turned against civilians. After a frenzy of looting, rape killed or remain missing. 10 nd summary executions driven by ethnic hatred, close to 700-750 Hazaras were Persecution intensified under the Taliban regime (1996-2001) as its soldiers advanced into Afghanistans north and the Hazarajat. Not only do Hazaras banish the Islamist beliefs of the Taliban, the Taliban are recruited mostly from the Pashtun group, the Hazaras traditional enemy. (In reverse, being Pashtun does not automatically equal Taliban support and millions of Pashtuns have also suffered within Afghanistans 8 Hafizullah Emadi, The Hazaras and their role in the process of political transformation in Afghanistan, Central Asian Survey, vol. 6, no. 3, 1997, pp. 363-371 Mousavi, The Hazaras of Afghanistan, pp. 5-8, 155-174, 218 Saikal, Modern Afghanistan, pp. 111-113, 283. Hazaras cite Puta Khazana (The Hidden Treasure), published in 1960, as an example of a controversial or fictitious history funded by the government which promoted Pashtun superiority. 9 Quoted in Mousavi, The Hazaras of Afghanistan, p. 162 10 Mousavi, The Hazaras of Afghanistan, pp. 198, 199 Human Rights Watch, Blood-Stained Hands Past Atrocities in Kabul and Afghanistans Legacy of Impunity, New York, 2005, pp. 70-100. Numbers have never been accurately ascertained.One Hazara website estimates that approximately 1,000 were killed or remain missing. See Afshar and Kateh Sahe massacre, Hazara. net, 2009 http//www. hazara. net/taliban/genocide/afshar/afshar. html, accessed 19 June 2010. 3 4 Denis e Phillips, revised 25 July 2012 Denise Phillips, revised 25 July 2012 conflicts. ) In 1998, in retaliation for war crimes committed by the United Front (of which Hazaras were a part) against Taliban soldiers, the Taliban slaughtered approximately 2,000 or more Hazaras in Mazar-e Sharif. Civilians were killed in residential airfields and market places, some dying with their throats slit.Highlighting the accompanying religious hatred, Taliban governor Mullah Manon Niazi had publicly incited the attack, preaching that, Hazaras are not Muslim. You can kill them. It is not a sin. Hazaras were reportedly warned to take lessons from their own history, and to either convert, flee or be killed. Hundreds fled the terror of Mazar-e Sharif. Massacres continued, with Taliban soldiers rounding up civilians in the Yakaolang district in 2001, publicly executing at least 170, many of whom were Hazaras. Near Robatak Pass, the Taliban also executed at least 31 civilians, with 26 confirmed to be Haza ras. 1 A resurgent Taliban After more than a decade, American and NATO forces have failed to bring peace and a withdrawal is imminent. Regrouping since 2001, the Taliban is now made up of an alliance of three Islamist groups the Quetta Shura Taliban, the Haqqani Network, and Hezb-i Islami Gulbuddin, an insurgency described by the US Department of Defence as resilient and evolving. 12 With safe havens for terrorist act in western Pakistan, the insurgency maintains strongholds in southern and eastern regions of Afghanistan, and has been expanding to the west and north. 3 The Talibans clear presence in Shinwari district of Parwan province, less than a few hours from Kabul, was demonstrated with news last week of the Talibans execution of a preadolescent woman on adultery charges. 14 Terror in the Hazarajat Analysts recently deemed Ghazni to be among the most volatile provinces in southern Afghanistan. 15 In 2006, a former governor was assassinated, and in 2007, the Taliban held 23 So uth Koreans hostage. situated in Ghazni province is Jaghori, an Hazara- populated district and former home of many Hazara refugees now in Australia. Jaghori nd Hazara-populated Malistan are surrounded by Pashtun areas under Taliban control. In June 2010, the Taliban reportedly distributed nightletters, a method of intimidation, to districts within Ghazni province, warning that the main road out of Jaghori to Kabul is now closed. Residents need to travel beyond Jaghori for medical, commercial, study and work reasons, but travel is now perilous. Taliban routinely search travellers on the Qarabagh-Jaghori road. Travellers have been tortured, detained and some have gone missing. Their vehicles have been stolen and the road is periodically closed.Many fear a repeat of the Talibans 1997 road blockade of essential supplies. Additionally, Jaghori strongly supports education, with numerous high schools and primary and middle schools. The Taliban, however, have targeted schools. For example, in July 2010, the Taliban attacked and burnt schools in Tamki, Jaghori district, and in Qarabagh district. The Taliban also killed Syed Sekander Muhammadi, the head teacher of a school in Shaki Nuka, in Qarabagh district, as he travelled to Ghazni. 16 In nearby Oruzgan province, the decapitated corpses of 11 Hazara males were iscovered in the Khas Oruzgan district on 25 June 2010. Police official Mohammed Gulab Wardak reported that the Taliban killed them because they were ethnic Hazaras and Shiite Muslims. 17 This occurred in the very province where Australias Defence strength have been deployed in a security and reconstruction role, showing the dire 11 Human Rights Watch, Afghanistan The Massacre in Mazar-I Sharif, vol, 10, no. 7(C), November 1998, http//www. unhcr. org/ref sphere/docid/45c9a4b52. html, accessed 18 June 2010 Human Rights Watch, Massacres of Hazaras in Afghanistan, vol. 13, no. (C), February 2001, http//www. hrw. org/legacy/reports/2001/afghanistan/, accessed 18 June 2010 Peter Marsden, Afghanistan Minorities, Conflict and the Search for Peace, London, 2001, p. 22 Mullah Manon Niazi quoted in On genocide of Hazaras, Hazara. net, January 2011, http//www. hazara. net/taliban/taliban. html, accessed 18 July 2012. 12 Department of Defense, submit Toward gage and Stability in Afghanistan Report to Congress in Accordance with 2008 National Defense Authorisation Act (Section 1230, Public Law 110-181), USA, January 2009, p. 7, http//www. efense/gov/pubs/OCTOBER_1230_FINAL_pdf, accessed 12 August 2010. 13 Maria Golovnina, Factbox Insurgency in Afghanistan Who are they? , 25 September 2009, Reuters, http//www. reuters. com/article/idUSTRE58O2F620090925, accessed 12 August 2010. Dylan Welch & Ben Doherty, God tells us to finish her Taliban remind world they are no spent force, The Sydney Morning Herald, 10 July 2012, p. 1. 14 threat to Hazaras, correct alongside a broader military presence. 15 William Maley, On the scene of the Hazara minority in Afghanistan, 28 June 2010, posted on Welcome to Ataullahs Page, http//ataullahnaseri. ordpress. com/2010/06/28/on-the-position-of-the-hazara-minority, accessed 5 August 2010. 16 Thomas Ruttig, A new, new Taliban front, Foreign Policy, 21 June 2010, http//afpak. foreignpolicy. com/posts/2010/06/21/a_new_new_taliban_front_0, accessed 5 August 2012 Ahmed Rashid, Taliban Militant Islam, Oil and Fundamentalism in Central Asia, New Haven, 2000, p. 67 Abdul Karim Hekmat, Unsafe haven Hazaras in Afghanistan and Pakistan, picky report, University of Technology Sydney, October 2011, pp. 18, 19. 17 Tahereh Ghanaati, The Hazara carnage in Afghanistan, Press TV, 27 June 2010, http//www. resstv. ir/pop/Print/? id=132225, accessed 28 June 2010 Ismail Sameem & Jonathon Burch, Police find 11 beheaded bodies in Afghan South, 25 June 2010, Reuters, http//www. reuters. com/article/idUSTRE65O2ML20100625, accessed 28 June 2010. 5 6 Denise Phillips, revised 25 July 2012 Denise Phillips, revised 25 July 2 012 Hazaras. Although the Taliban denied involvement, Afghani analyst Ahmad Shuja fears In Maidan Wardak province, land disputes between Hazaras and Kuchis often erupt each summer but have worsened in recent years.Kuchis have been arriving in the Behsud and Daimirdad districts heavily armed for conflict. Kuchis think the aforementioned decrees issued under Abdur Rahman entitle them to access, while many Hazaras have never accepted the loss of full rights over their land. Consequently, Hazaras have been killed and their homes burnt. In 2008, approximately 60,000 people were displaced, and in May 2010, a report estimated that 1,800 families had been displaced, 68 homes burnt, and 28 schools closed, leaving10,000 students without school facilities.As nomads, the Kuchi are also a minority group, but belong to the traditionally dominant Pashtun group. It is feared that the Taliban may be exploiting the past to incite attacks by their fellow Pashtuns, the Kuchi, against Hazaras. The Karz ai government has either largely ignored repeated Hazara pleas for assistance or has been impotent in stopping the violence, sparking worldwide protests by Hazaras. 18 These crises cannot be dismissed as internal land disputes rather, they stem from the nineteenth century acts of conquest, dispossession and persecution and another governments marginalisation of Hazaras.Terror in Kabul Brutal assaults also have occurred recently in Kabul. On 6 December 2011, a suicide mill killed at least 56 Shiites pilgrims worshipping at the Abdul Fazal Abbas Shrine in the Murad Khani district in Kabul during commemorations for Ashura, the holiest day of Muharram. On the same day, a bomb given over to a bicycle exploded, killing Shiite pilgrims in Mazar-e Sharif and bringing the death toll to 60. A spokesperson for Lashkar-e Jhangvi (LeJ) claimed responsibility via Radio Free Europe.LeJ, formed in 1996, is a militant Sunni Deobandi Islamist group based in the Punjab region of Pakistan. Among lin ks with numerous terror groups, it has a close relationship with Afghani Taliban and Tehrik-e-Taliban Pakistan (TTP). Most killed and injured were 18 Lenard Milich, The Behsud conflicts in Afghanistan A blueprint to avoid further clashes in 2009 and beyond, Eurasia Critic, June 2009, pp. 1-3, http//www. eurasiacritic. com/articles, accessed 10 June 2010 Afghanistan Independent Human Rights Commission, AIHRC grave concern about armed onflict between Kochies and native inhabitants of Behsood district of Maidan Wardak, Kabul Press, 22 May 2010, http//kabulpress. org/my/spip. php? article11725, accessed 9 August 2010 UNAMA silent on Kuchi attack in Behsud, Hazaristan Times, 21 May 2010, http//hazaristantimes. wordpress. com/2010/05/21/unama-silent-on-Kuchi-attack-in-behsud, accessed 6 August 2010. the attacks will inflame religious tensions, echoing a recent past in which the Taliban massacred thousands of Hazaras. 19 Increasing bloodshed in Quetta, PakistanSince the nineteenth century, Hazaras have traditionally fled or migrated to Quetta, the capital of Balochistan province, in what is now Pakistan. Quetta has long been a second home for Hazaras some live there as permanent Pakistani citizens, others as refugees. Possibly 30,000-50,000 Hazara refugees now live in Pakistan after fleeing the Taliban in 1996. Over the last decade, however, Shiite Hazaras in Balochistan have been dying in an escalating spate of sectarist attacks, often occurring daily. LeJ have distributed leaflets condemning Shiites as infidels.Proclaiming their right under Islam to kill them, LeJ publicly state that they will continue acting against Shiites. One of its leaders, Milak Ishaque, had 40 finish off charges pending against him after serving 15 years imprisonment he was released on 14 July 2011. Hazaras and the Asian Human Rights Commission report that the Pakistani government, soldiery and law enforcement impunity. 20 authorities are failing to act, openly allowing the banned terror organisation to kill with These are but a few examples in a litany of bloody attacks. Eight Hazaras were slain inPoodgali Chowk in 2001, and 12 Hazara policeman killed in Sariab, in 2003. On 20 September 2011, armed men intercepted a bus in the Ganjidori area of Mastung, southeast of Quetta. It carried 45, mostly Shiite, pilgrims travelling to Taftan, Iran. Ordering them off the bus, gunmen shot those identifying themselves as Shiites in the head, chest and abdomen. Twenty-nine Shiites were killed and five escaped. An hour 19 Ernesto Londono, Dozens dead in rare attack on Shiite mosque in Kabul, The Washington Post, 6 December 2011, http//www. washingtonpost. om/world/rare-attack-in-kabul-targets-shiitemosque/2011/12/06/gIQAVnEkYO_print, accessed 7 December 2011 Lashkar-e Jhangvi (LeJ), Australian National Security, Australian Government, updated 15 March 2012, http//www. ema. gov. au/agd/WWW/nationalsecurity. nsf/Page/What_Governments_are_doing_Listing _of_Terrorism_Organisations_L ashkar_I_Jhangvi, accessed 18 July 2012. 20 Lashkar-e Jhangvi (LeJ), Australian National Security Syed Shoaib Hasan, A year of suffering for Pakistans Shias, BBC News, Balochistan, 6 December 2011, http//www. bbc. co. k/news/worldasia-15928538, accessed 21 January 2012 Hekmat, Unsafe haven, pp. 20-23 The state of human rights in Pakistan in 2011, Asian Human Rights Commission, 2011, p. 42, http//www. AHRC-SPR008-2011-HRRptPakistan. pdf, accessed 18 July 2012. 7 8 Denise Phillips, revised 25 July 2012 Denise Phillips, revised 25 July 2012 later, gunmen killed 3 Shiites, believed to be victims relatives on their way to retrieve the bodies of their love ones. LeJ claimed responsibility. 21 On 28 June 2012, a bomb blast killed Shiite pilgrims travelling by bus near a fruit market in the Hazarganji area of Quetta.Thirteen were killed and 30 injured, with most of the victims Hazaras. LeJ again claimed responsibility. Prominent leaders, professionals, intellectuals and policemen have been assassinated, along with a sportsman and artist. For example, Chairman of the Hazara Democratic Party, Hussain Ali Yousofi, was slain on 26 January 2011. The general Hazara population, including women and children, are now also being indiscriminately targeted. Australian Hazaras visiting relatives in Quetta speak of witnessing attacks on Hazara civilians in the streets and of a climate of terror.Abdul Karim Hekmat reports that over 500 Hazaras have been killed and over 1,500 injured as a result of targeted attacks in Pakistan since 2003. 22 Other sources cite even higher numbers. Failures of protection and continuing fear Afghanistans 2004 Constitution includes exemplary protection for human rights and Hazaras have gained prominent government positions. However, with critical failures to implement the rule of law beyond Kabul or even maintain it in Kabul reform has not translated to improved safety for Hazaras in remote villages. Insurgents do not recognise government law.Moreover , Afghani culture is bound up with traditions of governing and maintaining security through tribal and religious consensus, gained at district and community levels rather than through a centralised authority. In December 2009, the Karzai government also gazetted a law giving amnesty to all who committed war crimes in the past two decades of conflict, allowing alleged war criminals from various ethnicities to hold parliamentary positions with impunity. Professor William Maley cautions against tokenism, arguing that the inclusion of Hazaras within overnment has not brought about real changes. 23 History shows that the 1980s reforms which delivered greater comeliness for Hazaras did not stop the bloodshed which followed in the 1990s and beyond. That this is the sixth constitution since 1923 also exemplifies the fragility of Afghani reforms. Safety for minority groups requires broad social changes to address deeply-rooted tribal, religious and ethnic prejudices this is something that will take years. The possibility of a Taliban alliance with international support, set against the draw-down of troops, causes terror among many Hazaras. 24In summarising why Hazaras risk their lives on boats, an Hazara refugee says When the government and law enforcement agencies cant provide protection, when your house in Quetta or Afghanistan is on fire, when your home country becomes hell for you, when you cant go anywhere without the fear of being killed, when your religion and your facial features make you the easy target. When death is hovering over your head every day, then you dont have options but to flee, seek refuge, knock at other peoples door for help, sit on a leaky boat, choose a dangerous journey that possibly leads to death.Today the Hazara Shias (boat people, the asylum seekers) are in a state of desperation and struggling for their survival as it is a basic human instinct. 25 Recommendations flee. I then make the following comments Based on the continuing and un resolved history of bloodshed, Hazaras will continue to 1) Given the need for negotiation within a egalitarian process, I have reflected deeply on the current options being debated. However, we cannot participate in the trade of 21 Shehzad Baloch, Sectarian atrocity 29 killed in Mastung, Quetta ambushes, The transport Tribune, 21 September 2011, http//tribune. om. pk/story/256419/gunmen-attack-bus-in-balochistan-20killed/? print=true, accessed 22 September 2011. 22 Shia pilgrims bus attacked by a rocket near Quetta, 13 martyred over 30 injured, Jafria News, 29 June 2012, http//jafrianews. com/2012/06/29/shia-pilgrims-bus-attacked-by-a-rocket-near-quetta-13martyred-over-30-injured/, accessed 16 July 2012 Hazara Shia community on strike over Quetta attacks, BBC News, Asia, 29 June 2012, http//www. bbc. co. uk/news/world-asia-18640945, accessed 16 July 2012 Blast kills 13, including Shia pilgrims, in Quetta, Dawn. om, 28 June 2012, http//dawn. com/2012/06/28/eight-including-policeman -killed-in-quetta-blast/, accessed 16 July 2012 Hekmat, Unsafe haven, p. 22 Informal discussions with Australian Hazaras. 23 William Maley, Radio interview conducted by Geraldine Doogue, Afghan Hazara, Breakfast, ABC Radio National, 13 April 2010, http//www. abc. net. au/radionational/programs/breakfast/afghanhazara/3039616, accessed 16 June 2010 Una Moore, UN human rights rep in Kabul calls for repeal of war crimes amnesty, UN Dispatch, 30 March 2010, http//www. undispatch. om/un-human-rightsrep-in-kabul-calls-for-repeal-of-war-crimes-amnesty, accessed 11 June 2010 Department of Defense, Progress Toward Security and Stability in Afghanistan, p. 11 Shahmahmood Miakhel, Understanding Afghanistan The importance of tribal culture and structure in security and governance, US Institute of Peace, November 2009, p. 1. 24 Sonya Hepinstall, Holbrooke amend Taliban in Afghan government not wrong, Thomson Reuters, 6 June 2010, http//in. reuters. com/article/2010/06/07/idINIndia-49088220100607 , accessed 18 June 2010. 25 Anonymous Hazara refugee, 29 June 2012. 9 0 Denise Phillips, revised 25 July 2012 human lives with the Malaysian option. I support the principle suggestions made in the Asylum Seeker Resource Centres submission and the Open Letter, so will not reiterate their points here. 2) Help educate parliamentarians and the public as to why refugees flee their homelands. Exercise clear leadership in depoliticising the debate. 3) Hazaras tell me they require peace and human rights in their homeland only then will they stop fleeing. Hazaras have witnessed the brutal deaths of their family members, including fathers, mothers, siblings and children.Flight is accompanied by intense grief, trauma and longing. hold years for family reunions will drive loved ones to get on boats. Those left behind in Afghanistan not only face destitution, but are also often brutally targeted by warlords who learn that their husband, son or brother has fled to a Western country. In a recen t case, the intimidation of a young Hazara refugees family members left in Jaghori resulted in an attack on the family home, killing an eight-monthold baby. I have witnessed refugees debilitating distress as they wait years

Mary Schapiro and Leadership Essay

In her role at the unsweet, Mary Schapiro was known as unrivaled of the worlds most virile female regulators. She was named chair in the midst of the worst financial crisis since the Great Depression. As chairman, she helped strengthen and revitalize the mental representation by oer get offing a much rigorous en coercement program and shaping new rules for W each(prenominal) Street. During her tenure, the agencys control force brought about a saucer number of enforcement action mechanisms and achieved undertakeificant regulatory reform to protect investors. Schapiro leaves behind an agency that has regained its footing, stature, and morale following desultory leadership under its previous two chairmen and its bunglesome lack of action prior the financial crisis. Under Schapiro, the secant, which is usu bothy thought to be the most prominent and strategic financial regulatory body in the country, brought a huge number of enforcement actions against financial institutions . Her job was to measure out what went wrong and to ensure it didnt happen again. During four years as SEC chairman, Schapiro presided over one of the busiest rule-making agendas in the SECs history, during which the agency also brought a record number of enforcement actions, and executed a schoolwide restructuring program to improve protections for investors. Upon her departure, professorship Obama praised her leadership, saying the SEC became stronger and the financial system safer and better satisfactory to serve the American slew-thanks in large part to Schapiros hard work.Change focal pointChange management is designed to ensure the effective transition of an organisation and its people from the current to future states, and in so doing support the realisation of backup benefits. In the context of strategy, it is the realisation of the strategic plan. Change management is about effectively leading and managing individuals, teams, and the organisation to successfully adop t the switch overs aimed to achieve required or desired chore results.Success in Organisational Change Follows Recognisable Patterns Kotters 8 StepsHarvard Business School Professor John Kotter is substantially known for identifying a pattern for leading successful organisational throw. Yet, we cannot be sure that the President, members of Congress, and key Federal Reserve, Departmentof the Treasury, and SEC personnel (including professorship Schapiro) ar familiar with this work and with another(prenominal) similar guidance from castrate leadership literature. And even if some or all of the change agents impacting a restructuring of the SEC be familiar with this work, it is unclear whether any of those change agents are consciously using this learning and incorporating useful elements from Kotters books into the SEC reorganization process. Studies of organizational change nominate shed significant light on the elements of a successful reform effort. Leaders effectuat ing reform at the SEC do not hurl to reinvent the wheel as they initiate, manage, and institutionalize organizational change. Kotters model is organized into eight stages designed to address eight observed mis acquires made in efforts for organizational change establishing a sniff out of urgency creating the command coalition developing a survey and strategy communicating the change vision em berthing broad-based action generating short-term wins consolidating gains and producing more change and anchoring new approaches in the culture.Each stage has identifiable characteristics.1. Establishing a Sense of UrgencyVisible crises can be enormously cooperative in catching peoples attention and pushing up urgency levels. To be sure, the SEC has experienced visible crises over the past hardly a(prenominal) years. Admissions of significant failures at the SEC extend back over more than two years time and cover multiple areas of SEC operations. The natural high quality of the U.S. mod el for securities regulation is no longer an article of faith, and the credibility of the SEC as a financial regulator has never been lower. although the SEC has long been the jacket jewel of the financial regulatory infrastructure, recent developments have called that characterization into question. The SEC has been the target of relentless criticism ranging from claims that it mishandled derivatives regulation, oversight of securities firms, and market risk, to assertions of delays and blunders and possible industry detain at the Division of Enforcement. These criticisms followed the Treasury Departments Blueprint of Financial Regulation-released in March 2008-that criticized the SECs approach to regulation as archaic and proposed a plan of regulatory consolidation that would effectively lead to the agencysdemise. Most recently, the revelation that the SEC failed to discover a $50 trillion Ponzi scheme at Madoff Investment Securities, despite having received allegations of wron gdoing for over a decade, suggests fundamental weaknesses in its core enforcement operations.To be successful at organizational change, however, a change leader essential use the crisis to shake up the organization. This requires that the change leader remove sources of complacency or minimize their impact and take actions that are bold or even risky. Kotter uses the concept of fire in a building as a proxy for crisis in an organization, writing that conducting business as usual is very difficult if the building seems to be on fire.Interestingly, Chairman Schapiro invoked fire imagery in comments to reporters as she made changes to SEC operations shortly after taking office. Moreover, in a recent speech, Chairman Schapiro noted the rapid pace of change at the SEC over the preceding year I know that change is hard because within our agency we have been engaged in some of the most significant change in decades. When I arrived at the agency last January, we began a process of assessin g our operations and determined we could do better. We determined that we needed to change. And that is the path we have chosen. The personnel changes instituted at the SEC whitethorn be seen as examples of sweeping change. The discomfort and discontent of the SEC lag in response to the personnel changes may be cause of the brash nature of these personnel changes. Kotters work predicts this manakin of reaction. He notes that bold moves that reduce complacency tend to increase conflict and to create anxiety, at least at front.2. Creating the Guiding CoalitionLeading change is not a solitary task. Because major change is so difficult to accomplish, a powerful force is required to sustain the process. No one individual, not even a monarch-like CEO, is ever able to develop the right vision, communicate it to large total of people, eliminate all the key obstacles, generate short-term wins, lead and manage dozens of change projects, and anchor new approaches deep in the organizations culture. Instead, what is required is a strong leadership team-a team with the right composition and sufficient trust among members. In terms of composition,four key characteristics are important position power- the entire group who will be charged with making progress in areas of needed change, expertise, credibility, and leadership. presumption is borne of activities that create . . . mutual understanding, respect, and caring. Trust is important because it can lead to the effective creation of a common goal or shared objective. Chairman Schapiro has changed the leadership team at the SEC. We must question, however, whether the team has the right characteristics and the requisite trust. Certainly, the credentials of the SEC Commissioners are quite impressive in terms of expertise, credibility, and leadership skills. Chairman Schapiro has put a indemnity on attracting to the SEC people with an expansive set of experiences and skills. Moreover, the published remarks of new leaders in the Division of Enforcement-people with position power-are impressive in their indication of a collective change momentum. recent leaders continue to emerge, making the membership of the guiding coalition unsettled and unclear. The executives who ignited the transformations from uncorrupted to great did not first figure out where to drive the bus and then get people to take it there. No, they first got the right people on the bus (and the wrong people off the bus) and then figured out where to drive it. In general, public information sources are not detailed enough to enable a comprehensive assessment of the suitability of the composition of Chairman Schapiros guiding coalition. For example, according to Kotter, you need both management and leadership skills on the guiding coalition, and they must work in tandem, teamwork style.He offers matrices that illustrate optimal compositions. Publicly available information does not enable us to determine whether or not the SEC guiding c oalition has the optimal balance of management and leadership skills. Only as the exact identity of the leadership team emerges and the team takes concerted and coordinated action will we be able to evaluate its composition. As difficult as it is for us to appraise the teams composition, it is more difficult for us to assess whether the guiding coalition has the required trust. Although I have not found evidence that ostensible members of the SEC guiding coalition have engaged in team-building exercises or attended a retreat at which intra-group trust may have been engendered, the SECs recent self-assessment may be a sign that mutual trust is being promoted throughout the agency. As new people are identified for inclusion on thechange leadership team, they will need to be effectively brought into the circle of trust.3. Developing a Vision and StrategyTo achieve successful organizational change, a leader needs to have both vision and a strategy to implement that vision. Vision refers to a picture of the future with some implicit or explicit commentary on why people should strive to create that future. Vision serves to channel change in a particular direction and incentivizes and coordinates change in that direction. Chairman Schapiro seems to understand this perspective of change leadership, and she also seems to be incorporating it into the SECs operations. Her vision for a reformed SEC refocuses the SECs activities on one of the key constitution underpinnings of the federal securities laws investor protection Another lesson I have learned is to have a vision about where you want to take your organization and stick to your principles in getting there. Principles are not ideologies. They are different. Maybe its a question of degree. Maybe to some its semantics. But as I see it, unlike ideologies, principles dont seem to demand a particular answer to every problem that emerges.Weve seen how strict adherence to ideology played out over the last decade in the f inancial arena. Free market ideology together with rapidly changing technology, globalization and many other unintended causes led too many of us to forget hard-learned lessons from past crises and abandon basic common sense. Principles, on the other hand, help frame a question, an edit or a problem. Having a principle might highlight tensions and trade-offs of particular choices, but rarely do they force you to choose in the midst of a good solution and a worldview. For me at the SEC, my main principle is putting investors first. And, I try to stay focused on that every day. And the goal is to build an SEC that is deeply expert, nimble, and aggressive-that gives investors confidence. In fact, as Bob Glauber can attest, I have a sign posted on my door that says How does it help investors? Its a simple question, but it guides all that I do at the SEC. And, all those who enter my office understand that is the prism through which we will consider all issues. It doesnt necessarily di ctate the outcome of every issue that landson my desk-because there are many solutions to any problem that could aid investors. But, the principle helps to compliance our thinking and steers us in the right path. Vision is implemented through strategy. Without vision, strategy making can be a much more litigious activity. Even more so, without good vision, a clever strategy or a logical plan can rarely inspire the kind of action needed to produce major change. Chairman Schapiros vision has guided geomorphological and operable change at the SEC as well as substantive rulemaking. Some credit her clearly conceived vision and the related rapidly employed strategy for saving the SEC from more significant structural or operational change.4. Communicating the Change VisionAccording to Kotter, the larger the audience for the change vision, the more powerful it may be. A great vision can serve a useful purpose even if it is understood by just a few key people. But the real power of a vis ion is unleashed only when most of those involved in an enterprise or activity have a common understanding of its goals and direction. That shared sense of a desirable future can help motivate and coordinate the kinds of actions that create transformations. A leader must be careful to communicate the change vision broadly, frequently (repeatedly), and consistently. The message transport the vision must be direct, clear, simple, and geared to its targeted audiences. Metaphors, analogies, examples, and florid prose may be helpful in this regard. The crockeds of conveying the message should be varied oral and written, large forum and small group, and through words and actions. Finally, to ensure understanding, the communication of the vision should be a two-party street, involving both give and take as well as conveying and attending. Chairman Schapiro has engaged in significant public speaking in which she has regularly and repeatedly informed and reminded the SEC staff and vario us elements of the public about the SECs recommitment to investor protection and the linkage of that vision to structural and operational changes at the SEC. Chairman Schapiro regularly appeared before congressional committees and subcommittees, and she has communicated her vision in these arenas as well. She used memorable analogies, examples, and words to convey the SECs organizational change message. Evidencing an appreciation for two-way communication, soon afterher appointment, Chairman Schapiro took action in response to staff suggestions that enforcement efforts against corporate violators of the securities laws were too difficult. Moreover, the self-assessment process and related ongoing staff communications are evidence of two-way communication about the structural and operational changes that have been taking place at the SEC. And Chairman Schapiro has continued to pronounce belief in capturing a variety of viewpoints in decision-making.5. Empowering Employees for Broad-B ased ActionTo implement the leaders vision, employees need to be able to take action. This may mean clearing away structural barriers, skill deficiencies, systemic obstacles, and supervisory impediments that may forestall effective employee participation in change efforts. Many of the structural and operational reforms implemented by Chairman Schapiro appear to be designed to empower SEC staff members for action that carries forward the change vision of the SEC. The efforts of Chairman Schapiro to listen and respond to staff concerns about unnecessary enforcement hurdles are examples of initiatives to streamline structure. In addition, the restructuring of the Division of Enforcement is geared to clear structural barricades to effective enforcement efforts. The decision to remain staff with non-traditional skills and the implementation of new staff training are examples of efforts to remedy skill deficits. Human resources and information systems have been or are being better in res ponse to deficiencies identified in the SECs self-assessment and the OIGs investigation, report, and recommendations. In the Division of Enforcement, supervisory positions are being eliminated, supervisory personnel are being replaced, supervisory responsibilities are being realigned, and supervisory attitudes that may have impeded investigations are being corrected.6. Generating Short-Term WinsBecause the organizational change process is behind and constituents can be impatient, it is important for a change leader to accomplish certain limited objectives in the short term. Major change takes time, sometimes a good deal of time. Zealous believers will often stay the course no matter what happens. Most of the rest of us expect to see convincing evidence that all the effortis paying off. Nonbelievers have even higher standards of proof. They want to see clear data indicating that the changes are working and that the change process isnt bewitching so many resources in the short term as to endanger the organization. To be effective in sustaining organizational change efforts, short-term wins must be both visible and unambiguous. They also must be clearly related to the change effort. And in an effective change effort, they are planned, not accidental. SEC Chairman Schapiro accomplished some highly publicized early wins after her appointment was confirmed. In particular, she swiftly moved to remove perceived barriers to enforcement of the securities laws against public companies. She publicly promoted these changes, and they were picked up by the news media. These efforts generated support in and outside the SEC. The achievement of these short-term wins on a staggered but consistent basis has kept the SECs structural and operational reforms in front of the SECs staff and the public, building consensus around and momentum for the SECs self-initiated reform efforts and distracting attention from more substantial externally generated suggestions for change.7. Consol idating Gains and Producing More ChangeThe long-term time horizon for organizational change not only makes short-term wins advisable, but also may make early declarations of victory problematic. It is important that the sense of urgency created by the change leaders is sustained for the long haul. Short-term wins are essential to slide by momentum going, but the celebration of the wins can be lethal if urgency is lost. With complacency up, the forces of tradition can sweep back in with remarkable force and speed. Although a rapid, consistent pace of change at the SEC was sustained over the first fifteen months of reform, Chairman Schapiro as well as other SEC change leaders, needed to maintain the change momentum by continuing to introduce reforms on a regular basis. Having gone so far, the SEC could have lost all of the gains it had made in organizational change merely by relaxing into complacency. Until changed practices attain a new equilibrium and have been driven into the cult ure, they can be very fragile. To reach that equilibrium, in addition to engaging in more and continuous change, the SEC should bring in spare change agents, continue to foster leadership from its senior managers,recruit and nurture project management and leadership from lower ranks in the hierarchy, and identify and decrease or eliminate unnecessary internal structural and operational interconnections that often make change efforts more complex. These types of efforts in change management are difficult and pervasive.8. Anchoring New Approaches in the CultureFinally, to prevent regression, change leaders must address and resolve any incompatibilities between the changes that have been made and the organizations culture-friction in the groups system of behavioural norms and shared value. This is not as easy as it may sound. These norms and values may apply to the organization as a whole or only to certain parts of the organization, and it is important to achieve compatibility on bot h levels. Moreover, culture is change-resistant and nearly invisible. Yet, the failure to address inconsistencies between a change effort and the prevailing culture can undo years of reform. Accordingly, it was important that Chairman Schapiro understood the applicable behavioural norms and shared values of the SEC and the Enforcement Division and their respective relevant cultural sub-groups as they continue to reform the SEC and the Enforcement Division. Because the core vision of investor protection should not be wholly inconsistent with the SECs culture (in whole or in pertinent part), these and other change leaders at the SEC should be able to graft the new practices onto the old roots while killing off the inconsistent pieces. The important thing will be for the SECs change leaders to continue to remember the organizations heritage and link it to the organizations new and ongoing operations and objectives.

Psychological Basis Of Behavior Essay

Until recently the causes of psychological bothers were non so clearly defined. Then advanced imaging techniques make it potential to see various aras of the brain and pinpoint aras that control behavior. It has been long known that the brain uses chemical messengers cal take neurotransmitters for signaling during its various processes. Advances in neuromedicine revealed that a consider of neurological and psychological disorders gain a basis in imbalances between various neurotransmitters in the brain.Diseases like Parkinsons, schizophrenic disorder and Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder are but a few where administering drugs that controlled levels of various neurotransmitters in the brain could control the sickness symptoms and in some cases even provide a redress. Indeed, it was the disc everyplacey of these pharmacological agents that led to the discovery of newer agents that could control various neurological disorders by manipulating levels of neurotransmitters. Developm ent of various drugs for schizophrenic psychosis was done on the basis of the fact that they had the ability to block dopamine receptors.In addition it was noticed that there was too an increased number of dopamine receptors present in these longanimouss1. Similarly, in patients who suffered form Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) an mental defectiveness in the neurotransmitter serotonin was implicated and it was shown that drug therapy that did not affect 5-HT receptors was ineffective in the interposition of OCD6. Parkinsons disease like schizophrenia also is collectable to an abnormality in dopamine levels but in Parkinsons dopamine levels become depleted4.Parkinsons disease is a movement disorder ca utilise by the depletion of dopamine produced in the substantia nigra, a part of the brain that is responsible for voluntary movements of the body11. Parkinsons disease is a neurodegenerative disease that affects 1% of the population. Its pathophysiology involves degeneration o f substantia nigra. This portion is responsible for movements in the body. Various hypotheses have been proposed concerning the causes of the disease and accommodate contractable factors, environmental factors and viruses.Amongst these genetic factors are considered the most important and mutations in various genes have been identified that are linked to Parkinsons disease. Genes that have been implicated are PINK-1, DJ-1, and LRRK2 and it is thought that in addition to hereditary viruses and toxins are thought to cause theses mutations4. Parkinsons disease is characterized by a fine pin-rolling tremor of the hands, rigidity, bradykinesia, an expressionless face called a mask like face and a parkinsonian gait characterized by small steps and trim down swing of the arms.Additional symptoms may be present and include difficulty in chewing and swallowing, depression, fatigue, dementia, speech problems, constipation, urinary problems and orthostatic hypotension7. Symptoms vary from p atient to patient and can also have drastic emotional consequences for the patient. Diagnosis is often difficult as there are no tests available and is usually do on history and examination of the nervous system. Various treatment options are available and are mainly aimed at increasing the levels of dopamine in the brain.These include Levodopa, which is a precursor of dopamine and the nerve cells use synthesize dopamine. Other drugs like bromocriptine, apomorphine and pramipexole act by imitating the activity of dopamine4. There is no definitive cure for this disease and the treatment is only symptomatic. Adjuvant therapy may be given to relieve symptoms such as depression. Schizophrenia is another disorder that is caused by an imbalance between dopamine levels. The difference is that high levels of dopamine are found and the disease has mainly psychiatrical manifestations.The cause of schizophrenia still remains unfamiliar and this has been hampered largely by the different sub types of the disease presenting a large variety of symptoms and involving different areas of the brain. It is also a feature of diseases like Alzheimers and Huntingtons disease9. Schizophrenia is characterized by auditory and visual hallucinations, delusions in which the patient thinks that his thoughts are being controlled externally and paranoid behavior believing someone is poisoning him, disorders of movement, cognitive disfunction and emotional symptoms such as lack of interest in surroundings and social withdrawal2.Newer research has suggested that people with schizophrenia may experience an inability to sniff out certain items suggesting a disorder in the orbitofrontal region of the brain and surpri independently this sensory deficit has also been found in patients with Parkinsons disease10. Other studies demo that abnormalities in the amygdalia a region of the brain dealing with psychological processes may cause schizophrenia and other psychiatric disorders8. Though the ca use is still ambiguous it has been seen that schizophrenia runs in families thus suggesting a genetic factor.Environmental factors and trauma during birth have also been suggested as causative factors. In the past agents used to treat schizophrenia like chlorpromazine and haloperidol blocked both D1 and D2 receptors and caused extra pyramidal side effects2. But the newer agents like clozapine have a high affinity for D1 receptors and thus do not cause unwanted extrapyramidal side effects. Other agents that have fewer side effects are risperidone and olanzepine and are very effective in controlling symptoms.All of these agents act by reducing levels of dopamine in the brain thus enabling the control of symptoms. The genetic sensitivity to schizophrenia is now widely known. Family history of mental ailments such as schizoaffective disorders, bipolar disorders and depression, are a very strong indication and predisposition to developing schizophrenia. However, complex researches in th e pattern of schizophrenic disorders among monozygotic twins have not been able to establish the full authenticity of the claim. The scientists claim that schizophrenia has been associated with the shy gene or 5-HTT gene.Currently, having a schizophrenic geneticity is only the first link further development is dependant on other factors as well. (Schizophrenia. com, 2007)12 some claim that there exists a link between schizophrenia and the environment. This is based on the fact that increased risk of schizophrenia within families cannot be singly attributed to the cause of it alone. The environmental factors that are thought to play an important role in causing schizophrenia include psychosocial, biological and physical factors, which are in effect from birth till maturity.It is now claimed that the interaction of the genetic and the social or environmental factors are very important in the development of disease in schizophrenic patients. (Tsuang, 2001) Many of the environmental ef fects that come into play do so in preterm and in early childhood. The highest contribution seems to be the severalize of labor, for example, hypoxia, CNS damage RH incompatibility of the mother and child etc. Also, other prenatal factors may include maternal depression, bereavement and flood and famine. rubella infections and infections of the CNS are also thought to play a very important role in the development of schizophrenia. Schizophrenia. com, 2007)12 Obsessive-compulsive disorder is another psychiatric disorder that has at its cause an imbalance between neurotransmitters. In this case the neurotransmitter is serotonin. The areas of the brain thought to be involved in this disorder are the base ganglia and the frontal lobe6. People with OCD have obsessional thoughts and the compulsion to carry out those thoughts repeatedly3. Patients often have an awareness of their abnormal thought patterns and are distressed by them but are unable to control them.Common symptoms are pati ents exhibiting rituals and having unwanted thoughts and behavior patterns. Patients may have unwanted thoughts of a fear of germs or infliction someone called an obsession and compulsions are the acts of carrying out those obsessional thoughts like repeatedly washing and cleaning or repeatedly counting or checking things over and over again3. Sometimes it manifests in conjunction with other psychiatric disorders like schizophrenia and depression. It often resolves when these disorders are treated. It has also been seen with diseases like Parkinsons disease and Huntingtons chorea6.This disorder usually starts in adolescence and the patient is usually aware that he has some psychiatric ailment. The etiology is uncertain but Obsessive-compulsive disorder also has a genetic component. Though environmental factors are also a major(ip) cause, head trauma has also been implicated in certain cases6. Various treatment options are available including behavioral therapy. Drugs called selecti ve serotonin reuptake inhibitors act by delaying the uptake of serotonin into the neuron and thus prolonging its action. This controls the inadequateness of serotonin thought to be involved in causing obsessional symptoms.Drugs that are being used include fluoxetine, sertraline, fluvoxamine, paroxetine and clomipramine. Drug therapy used to treat other care disorders is not effective in obsessive-compulsive disorder since it may not target the 5-HT receptors that are used by serotonin. Adams et al (2005)14 account an up-regulation of serotonin receptors in caudate nuclei of OCD patients. Administration of SSRI drugs was tested in OCD patients. When untreated patients were compared with healthy normal individuals, it was found that cerebral 5-HT (2A) receptors binding were high in these patients.However, this difference was pinched when SSRI drug was administered to the patients. Different studies have reported that 5-HT reuptake inhibitors (SRIs) are most successful in treatment of OCD (Mansari & Blier, 2006). This suggests serotonin depletion may be a vital cause of this disease. Normally, serotonin is actively involved in moderating flow of messages from orbital frontal cortex to thalamus via caudate nucleus. Various pharmacological studies have suggested 5-HT concentration in OFC is regulated by 5HT2 like receptors.SRI drugs modify 5-HT receptors regulation of serotonin and hence mostly used in treatment of OCD (Mansari & Blier, 2006)15. Delgado and Moreno (1998)16 also reported that these drugs binding potency is related to hallucinogens. Pitterger et al (2006) reported that drugs that reduce elevated glutamate levels in brain might be effective in treatment of OCD. Pitterger et al (2006)17 suggested antiglutamatergic agent riluzole (Rilutek) play vital role in reducing glutamate hyperactivity in the cortico-striato-thalamo-cortical circuitry. Conclusion Overall a link has been found among various mental illnesses.This is sheer by the fact that obsess ive-compulsive disorder may be present in people who already have Schizophrenia or Parkinsons disease. This convergence suggests that similar areas of the brain are involved in the etiology of these diseases and also that similar neurotransmitters may also be involved. Also interesting is the similarity in the deficiency in the sense of smell in both Parkinsons and schizophrenia. As research progresses and advanced neuroimaging techniques become available it will become possible to interlink these diseases to one another.Special areas of interest may be the basal ganglia and the amygdalia as they are seen involved in a variety of neurological disorders. Parkinsons disease is a neurological disease, having a progressive nature. There are certain peculiar signs and symptoms that a Parkinson patient presents with these include tremor, rigidity, akinesia or bradykinesia. Etiologically, Parkinsons disease is found in 1% of the population above 60 years of age. The ratio increases in peo ple above 70 years of age. Although, also found in women, predominantly affects male gender.The role of environment in causing Parkinsonism is worth mentioning. Carbon mono-oxide and manganese, apart from certain pesticides play the major role in causing the disease. Parkinsonism among old aged people is idiopathic, but familial inheritance can be possible. A lot is not known about the role of genetics and inheritance of this disease, but occurrence in younger ages carries a higher probability of familial inheritance. It has been found that schizophrenia and Parkinson disease may share similarity by showing dysfunction of the prefrontal cortical areas of the brain.Also, both these conditions are the result or excess of deficiency of the levels of dopamine, which in turn dictates the treatment plan for such conditions. Similarly, patients suffering from Parkinsons disease may show the presence of obsessive compulsive disorders, and the severity depends upon the space of the disease progression. The relation between these three conditions presenting in close relation with to each one other raise many questions about the progress of each disease, and whether treatments of each condition contain treatments for others as well. (Maia, 2003)13

Kant on Suicide Essay

4. Explain and critic eithery assess Kants argument that hotshot has a barter to preserve ones own life. As rational existences Kant believes we thrust a categorical tariff of self-preservation to non wilfully harbor our own lives. Kant talks in astuteness about trading and believes we should act out of respect for the moral law. The will is the only inherent good, as we argon only motivated by duty and nothing else. We should act only out of demands of the law, not from inclination, desires or to achieve a particular close. Duty dictates we should never act or will something if we do not want it to become a habitual law.Kant was against any form of self-destruction. He strongly believed that in taking a life you treat kind-heartedness unpollutedly as a means to an decision. Kant wouldnt be interested in the suffering or pain ca employ to even a somebody who was termin solelyy ill and wanted to end their life, nor would he take into consideration the family/friends suff ering. In this es assert I will be arguing that if we follow the categorical arbitrary it is immoral to sacrifice a life because it involves treating humanity merely as a means to an end.I will examine John Hardwigs envision argument that we should end our own lives if more pain and suffering is caused by prolonging it/ animate it even if we are no longer a rational being. We moldiness understand that Kant is saying if I make a maxium e. g. if I am in unbearable suffering, I should take my own life it must conglomerate the universal law and be applied to everyone. Kant believes we ought to preserve our own lives because it is our moral duty (it is necessary and universal). John Hardwig however, would argue we also have the right to end our lives.Kant would dismiss this because ultimately humans are the bearers of rational life (e. g. it is too sacred to sacrifice). Suicide fails Kants Categorical Imperative on the following cause It seeks to shorten a life that promises more troubles than please, this would be killing yourself out of self-love when in fact the real aim would be to live a life worth living, with more pleasure than difficulties. Kant isnt claiming that its impossible for everyone to commit suicide or for everyone to will it (and on that pointfore it becoming a universal law).He believes it would not exist as nature hence the maxim cannot obtain as a law of nature. (Immanuel Kant, The Groundwork of the methaphysics of morals, Mary Gregor and Jens Timmermann, Cambridge University 2012, p45 wildness added). Here Kant seems to be suggesting that suicide isnt a natural path of life that it goes against our purpose and that its a contradiction to end your life when your goal would be to have an enjoyable life. The idea that the destruction of life is incompatible with improvement suggests that nature couldnt/wouldnt allow self-love to be used in a way that is contrary to its purpose.thither is surely an obviously contradiction here in ending ones life to prevent suffering, one is using ones life mere means to an end, which automatically fails the categorical imperative. Take the case of Maria Von Herbert- she is clearly appealing to Kant, if under any circumstances suicide is morally acceptable? He isnt as blatant with her as in his writings, but let us not forget, Kant doesnt see woman as rational beings. I agree with Rae Langton that Kant totally bypasses the reason Herbert is writing to him.He doesnt confront her on suicide but instead reduces her problem to a moral dilemma (regrets lying or weighty the truth ), which as an intelligent woman whom has read all his writings she could work out for herself. Could this have made Kant certain that she did lie and therefore fail the kingdom of ends? Perhaps Kant is being hypocritical he doesnt tell Maria the whole truth of suicide merely reducing her to a thing. He tells Maria she should be ashamed for not telling the truth to her former friend but, doesnt this apply for himself too?Is he just avoiding the truth (states this is just as bad a lying) by not confronting her about suicide? Most likely he wants her to be autonomous and get to the reason herself. Hardwig disagrees with Kant. Take a different situation Is a terminally ill person-needing 24/7 care, who is entirely financially reliant- only using their family as a means to an end? You can see this as a two way street situation. Kant doesnt look to consequences of an action it wouldnt matter to his philosophy that the ill persons family suffers because they are pre lot their life.But is there a flaw? (1) I ought to do my duty as long as I am alive and (2) It is my duty to go on living as long as possible. Kant strongly believes that you cant affirm life by taking your own. There is only one exception. Kant claims those who expire in battle are victims of fate (not simply suicide because they chose to fight). He holds the view that it is better to die in battle than to die of a wound in hospi tal. Kant believes its noble to risk our lives for others- nobody uses us as mere means and we follow our own maxium.We are no longer forced into serving for our country or deceived into joining (if this did happen it would fail the CI because we wouldnt be treated as rational beings and would be used as mere means and not as ends in ourselves). John Hardwig strongly believes that life should be treated no differently from death. We are free to live in the way we want, so why arent we free to die in the way we want (when and how)? He also switches the question but Kant would simply say we have a duty to live. Hardwig has also argued that medical advances eliminate the threats of many terminal illnesses.He then concludes, if our continued existence creates signi? cant hardship for our love ones, we have a duty to die. By continuing a live of suffering the burden that this person imposes on others is often great. One may have the duty to die in order to relieve them of these burdens. This argument seems to be based on fairness. Kant would refute this suffering is a tool of reasoning and it ensures the schooling of mankind. Kant strongly believes that we should preserve our own lives. The argument though strong is flawed.1- All duties are absolute- Kant doesnt advise us on how to resolve conflicting duty (for example help others vs. never kill). 2- He discounts moral emotions like compassion, sympathy, desire and remorse as appropriate and ethical motives for action. 3- Kant completely ignores the consequences of an action and is purposefully contrivance to following circumstances. He states that human life is valuable because humans are the bearers of rational life. We have the great capacity to think, organize, plan etc. and Kant holds this as being valuable.Therefore we should not sacrifice this for anything (as previously discussed autonomous creatures should not be treated merely as a means or for the happiness of another). There are also great issues with Hardwigs counter argument if we agree that we have the duty to die who has the duty to die? When do they have they duty to die? Although this argument is strong is some areas (greater burden), it is greatly flawed. It would be extremely difficult to universalize a maxium for everyone to follow so they could decide if at that moment they had the duty to die.A problem would also occur if the family disagreed with the ill persons decision, which could cause great problems within society (though Kant would not look to consequences but they are greatly important to Hardwigs argument). I believe and agree with Kant- that if we follow the categorical imperative it is immoral to sacrifice anyone at all (including yourself) because it involves treating the humanity in that person as merely a means to an end. I also accept and agree with his point that it seems to go against our purpose and is an unnatural path for us to take a life.I find it interesting that Kant believes suffering is a too l of development and therefore essential to us. Though John Hardwigs argument is partly convincing, if we were all given the choice of when we should die, would we find the right time? This would be very hard to govern, as people would of course take advantage of this right. Ive put up it hard to find a counter argument to Kants stance -without suffering there wouldnt be cures and perhaps less happiness. Therefore I have to agree with Kant that it only allows us to grow and develop. Thus we do have the duty to preserve our own lives even if it is riddled with suffering.

Product positioning Essay

What do you do? Keep in mind that the straits has to be answered from the nodes point of view and clearly state what the product does for the customer. Customers develop opinions about companies and products, and the aligning of each in the mind of the customer always occurs in relation to the competition or the customers other alternatives (which may include doing nothing). While foodstuffing communications play a part in developing the desire position, its worth noting that in reality customers make up their minds based on a wider range f factors, including packaging, pricing, product performance, references and media recommendations.Positioning fundamentals Positioning is the single greatest influence on a customers buying decision. Each customer evaluates products in the market according to their mental map of the market. Positioning exists in customers minds, not in positioning statements. People do not easily or volitionally change their minds about a products positionin g. Positioning must first demonstrate a products relevance, using supportable, credible, nd genuine terms. Making the product easier to buy through effective positioning makes the product easier to sell.Mapping the market Mapping the market involves identifying and staking out the most relevant customer segments. It enables you to establish and potentially control how your product is viewed in terms of benefit and differentiation. Benefit The advantage conveyed by the product to the target customer based on his get priming to buy. makes you unique in the marketplace, at the same time bearing relevance to the Positioning template The positioning template croupe servicing you to express the fundamental value proposition that your product provides to a target customer and the market.It must identify the target customer or market make reason to buy products placement within a new or existing category key benefit that directly addresses the compelling reason to buy primary alternat ive source (i. e. , competitor) of the same benefit key difference or point of differentiation Positioning statement The positioning template enables you to create a positioning statement, which xplains who you are, what you offer, whom it is for, and why it is important and compelling.The positioning statement should meet several key criteria It effectively identifies the target customer or segment, and makes the situation clear and understandable. It makes your claim (and related benefit) concise, singular and compelling, and supports it by credible evidence. It makes the differentiation statement concise, singular, compelling, and supportable, and it reflects the target customers attributes and environment. It passes the elevator test (i. . , it can be explained in a few words).Using the template, a positioning statement can be structured like this For (target customer or market) Who (have a compelling reason to buy) Our product is a (products placement within a new or existing c ategory). That provides (key benefit that directly addresses the compelling reason to buy) Unlike (primary alternative source (i. e. , competitor) of the same benefit) Our product (key difference or point of differentiation in relation to the specific target customer) Positioning and market type In a new market, you must define the market and your companys place within it.This involves positioning your company to visionary buyers as a thought leader within an emerging, highly promising market category. You must also demonstrate your products benefit or private-enterprise(a) advantage against existing products and the status quo. In an existing market, the positioning changes. Here, it must demonstrate to credible and comprehensive option for the customers needs. In order to achieve the desired positioning, your communication must clearly articulate your unique points of differentiation.

Motivation and Organizational Culture Essay

A psychologically safe and healthy workplace is one that promotes the well-being of an individual. It is creating an milieu that is enjoyable and respectful of all people, regardless of cultural or ethical differences. Japanese immigrant, Ayame Nakamura, is employed as a pharmaceutical project manager in California. The confrontational anxiety style interferes with Ayames cultural background. piece of work motivation can affect areas such as productivity and influence organizational culture.Management RolesThe main goal of management and workplace psychology is to perform an environment that is conducive to allowing employees to perform at their highest potential. Managements role in workplace psychology is a large component of overall satisfaction. Initially, on that point responsibility is to provide a workspace that is fair and diverse. This provides employees the opportunity to learn and grow within the company by giving them a chance for personal development. Psychologicall y, management should state clearly their expectations. Their role should be to support, promote flexibility, provide advancement opportunities, and offer praise when its due. Employees are more likely to put frontwards great effort with the knowledge that those efforts will be noticed and reviewed. The energy that management puts into their employees is paramount to creating growth both in the individual and the company. (Robbins, et al, 2011)Cultural setting and FeedbackLanguage and actions are used to express ourselves or to get our ideas across to another. Verbal, nonverbal, and visual clues are all various methods using to establish, maintain, and modify relationships. Effective communication, regardless of culture, has the ability to help or harm any potential business relationship. Culture can be defined as thecharacteristics of a particular classify of people that may be defined by language, religion, social habits, or music. In the case of Ayame, a Japanese immigrant, her culture places a high vehemence on collectivism. Ayames culture places a high emphasis on giving the business aspect priority over placing emphasis on to each one individual in it. The pharmaceutical company she works for has a confrontational style that conflicts with her cultural background. Firm, consistent feedback that done in a gentler manner would back up Ayame and keep her motivated and keep in line with her cultural beliefs. Ayames background bring forwards face to face communication that is a consensus of both herself and management. I would back up the pharmaceutical companys management team to review their communication strategies and have a meeting with Ayame to ensure that all parties are satisfied with the name of employment. (Robbins, et al, 2011)Motivation TechniquesAyames motivation is lacking due to cultural issues in managements confrontational management style. This confrontational style makes it difficult for her to get down and process feedback and is a ffecting her motivation. The pharmaceutical company needs to identify what motivates people and what does not. People tend to do their best work when they are in an environment in which they feel valued. Simple changes such as thank you, or great job, can encourage an employee to go the extra mile. These simple changes could encourage Ayame and motivate her to put her best foot forward. According to Hackman and Olman (2011), any job can be described in terms of the following five message job dimensions skill variety, task identity, task significance, autonomy, and feedback. (pg 273).Ayame is likely motivated to do her job well, is able to complete the tasks, and can do so in an telling manner. She does, however, struggle in the final dimension. Management should support Ayame in the top three job dimensions. By guiding her through their expectations, they are giving Ayame a chance to show her skillset and they are supporting her in that position. Employees who are supported and fe el valued are more productive. Areas such as job design, mission of duties, and recognizing the manner in which Ayame processes and receives information are all methods of increasing her motivation. (Robbins, et al, 2011)The manner in which the world perceivesus and how we are perceived comes down to our actions. Motivation is the forcefulness that drives us to act, work harder, and that pushes us to succeed. There are several types of motivation with each type influencing how we respond in a different matter. Being evocative of each other cultural and ethical belief can affect the performance of all employees. Each person adds something to the melting pot that is the United States of America. In order to effectively motivate and go forward, each person needs to be mindful of the next.ReferencesRobbins, S., Decenzo, D., & Coulter, M. (2011) Fundamentals of management Essential concepts and applications (7th ed.). Boston, MA Prentice Hall. Sarafino, E.P. (2011). health psychology Biopsychosocial interactions (7th ed.). Hoboken, NJ JJohn Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Calorimetry and Hess’s Law Essay

Elemental milligram is one of the principal components of fl atomic number 18s used to pass night cadence activities, or to aid in signaling ones location to aircraft and ships. Your instructor whitethorn ignite a strip of magnesium ribbon to demonstrate the flame of magnesium in air. It all toldow for be evident that a great deal of light postcode is released from this response. A direct order for measuring the warming produced by this reaction would be difficult, so we shall resort to an indirect method in this experiment as discussed below. Some chemical reactions (including the one above) are associated with the evolution of thermal aptitude and are called exothermic reactions. When there is absorption of energy in a chemical reaction, the process is called endothermic.The magnitude of the energy pitch is sterilised by the particular reaction as well as the aggregate of increase(s) formed. The thermal energy transferred in a braced chemical reaction carried out at continuous mash is called the enthalpy of reaction (or enkindle of reaction) and isgiven the symbol Hrxn. Hrxn is often expressed in units of kJ/ wall where mole refers to the amount of a reactant or a product involved in the reaction. In general, the reactant or product must be specified. In this experiment, you exit measure the enthalpy changes of several exothermic reactions utilizing a simple-minded calorimeter. This calorimeter consists of an insulated vessel (a Styrofoam cup), a thermometer, and a hat (which is loose fitting to allow the pressure to remain constant. The energy given off by any reaction carried out in the calorimeter is absorbed by both the calorimeter and the resolving power ( piddle). This causes an increase in the temperature of the calorimeter and solvent that can be measured by a thermometer. The heat that is absorbed by the calorimeter and solvent is calculated from the equation qcal = C T (1)where C is the heat force of the calorimeter and sol vent, and T is the change in temperature of the water (the solvent) in the calorimeter. Heat capacity is defined as the amount of energy required to raise the temperature of an object by 1 C. In this experiment, the vessel and the amount of solvent remain constant, so C is a constant. total heat is an extensive quantity, so the amount of heat generated by the reaction is given by the expression qrxn = n H (2)where n is the number of moles of a particularized reactant or product and H is the enthalpy change of the reaction in kJ/mol. Since the energy of the universe is conserved, the pith energy change of the system (the reaction) and surroundings (calorimeter and solvent) is equal to zero. These relationships can be combined as shown in equation (3).qsystem + qsurroundings = qreaction + qcalorimeter = nH + CT = 0 (3)This equation can be rearranged to determine either C or H as shown in equations (4) and (5). C = nH/T (4)H = CT/n (5)For exothermic reactions, H 0 and T 0.The m ain observational problem in any calorimetric measurement is obtaining anaccurate value of T. The initial temperature, Ti, of the reactants can be set(p) directly using a thermometer. However, it is difficult to obtain a precise value for the terminal temperature, Tf (the instantaneous temperature when the reactants are mixed together and react), because (1) reactions do non occur instantaneously, and (2) calorimeters are not abruptly insulating, but actually allow some heat energy to slowly enter or get around from the calorimeter over clip. This occurs both during the reaction and afterward its completion. If an exothermic reaction occurs in a hypothetical calorimeter that is absolutely insulated, all of the heat produced by the reaction will remain in the calorimeter, resulting in a constant final temperature. This would yield the same T whether or not the reaction is instantaneous.Now consider a hypothetical exothermic reaction that occurs instantaneously, but in a veri dicalistic calorimeter that is not perfectly insulated. In this case, the temperature of the calorimeter would diminish over time due to the gradual escape of heat energy to the surroundings. The final temperature to be used in determining T in this case is actually the maximum temperature reached immediately after reaction occurs, since this temperature change is due exclusively to the heat produced in the reaction, and no escaping of heat to the surroundings has occurred yet. For real calorimeter experiments, reactions neither occur instantaneously nor are calorimeters perfectly insulated. Thus, during an exothermic reaction the temperature of the calorimeter increases initially, but never has a chance to reach the correct maximum final temperature since heat is escaping to the surroundings even while the reaction is proceeding toward completion.A correction for this heat exchange is made by an extrapolation process using the temperature vs. time curve (see Figure 1). First, a plo t of the temperature readings as a function of time for the reaction is generated. By extrapolating only the linear portion of the curve (e.g., the points including and after the maximum temperature) back to zero time (the time when the reactants were mixed in the calorimeter), Tf is obtained. The Tf value determined in this manner will be the temperature that the calorimeter and the solvent would set out reached, had the reaction occurred instantaneously and with no heat exchange to the room. This value should be used for the calculation of change in temperature, T. Consult with your TA for specific instructions for extrapolation using Microsoft Excel.A. Determination of the Enthalpy of Combustion of Mg Using Hesss Law The calorimeter will be used to determine the enthalpy of combustion of magnesium by application of Hesss law. Consider the following reactions(a) H2(g) + O2 (g) H2O (l) Ha = 285.84 kJ/mole(b) Mg(s) + 2 H+ (aq) Mg2+ (aq) + H2 (g) Hb(c) Mg2+ (aq) + H2O (l) MgO ( s) + 2 H+ (aq) HcBy adding equations (a), (b), and (c) we obtain(d) Mg (s) + O2 (g) MgO (s) Hrxn = Ha + Hb + Hcwhich represents the combustion of Mg(s).Reaction (a) represents the formation of liquid water from its constituent elements. The enthalpy change for this reaction, symbolized Ha above, is the standard heat of formation of liquid water (or Hf (H2O)) and is a known quantity. Hb and Hc will be determined experimentally by measuring the temperature rise when known masses of magnesium metal and magnesium oxide, respectively, are added to hydrochloric acid. Reaction (c) as written is an endothermic reaction. Since it is easier to perform the reverse (exothermic) reaction, the information you collect will be of opposite sign to that needed for the Hesss law calculation for reaction (d). When data from your analysis is powerful combined with that for the known reaction (a), the enthalpy of combustion of magnesium metal can be obtained. performanceNote Handle the Styrofoam cups gently. They will be used by other lab sectionsA. Determination of the Enthalpy of Combustion of MagnesiumReaction of Magnesium Metal and Hydrochloric Acid1. Using the graduated cylinder, add 50.0 mL of 1.0 M HCl to the empty calorimeter. Wait for a few minutes to allow the set-up to reach thermalequilibrium. 2. man waiting, determine the mass of a sample of magnesium ribbon ( near 0.15 g) on the analytical balance, and then negligee it with a piece of bull wire. The copper will not react in the solution its objective is to prevent the magnesium from floating to the surface during the reaction. Do not wrap the magnesium too tightly or it will not react quickly enough with the HCl solution. Do not wrap the magnesium too loosely since it may escape the copper cage and float. 3. Using LoggerPro, start a transport of 500 seconds with the temperature probe in the 1.0 M HCl in the calorimeter (with lid). 4. The magnesium/copper bundle is added to the HCl solution. Replace the lid wi th the thermometer in place, and begin swirling to mix. Be sure to support the temperature probe.Continue swirling and collecting data and record about 300 seconds or until the temperature starts decreasing. This will provide the linear part of the curve, and are the most important points for the extrapolation procedure. 5. When data collection is completed, rinse the calorimeter and thermometer with distilled water and dry as completely as possible. Place the piece of copper in the container labeled copper waste. B. Reaction of Magnesium Oxide and Hydrochloric Acid1. Place 50.0 mL of 1.0 M HCl into a clean graduated cylinder. 2. On a top-loading balance, transfer approximately 0.7 to 0.8 g of MgO to a clean advisement ride (no need to record this mass). Next, determine the mass of the MgO and the weighing boat on the analytical balance and record the data. Transfer the MgO to the dry calorimeter. 3. On the analytical balance, record the mass of the empty weighing boat after the t ransfer and calculate the mass of MgO actually transferred to the calorimeter. 4. Record the initial temperature (Ti) of the 1.0 M HCl solution in the graduated cylinder. 5. Note the time (time = zero) and add the 50.0 mL of 1.0 M HCl to the calorimeter containing the MgO. 7-8 points after the temperature maximum.In this reaction all the MgO should react since HCl is used in excess. However, if the solid MgO is allowed to sit on the bottom or sides of the cup it will not dissolve and hence it will not react. Make sure the solution is mixed ever but gently. (NOTE Before discarding this solution, check to see that all of the MgO has reacted. If solid MgO remains, the results from this portion of the experiment are not accurate. If any solid is present, this portion of the experiment must be repeated.)6. When data collection is completed, rinse the calorimeter and thermometer with distilled water and dry as completely as possible.