New Book of Knowledge Online Essay

Since the year 1912, the New throw of familiarity has been in scratch and has remained as an authoritative, informative and educational modern encyclopedia for children. It provides balanced, appropriate, and engage coverage of a wide range of topics for students in grades quatern by six. The New Book of familiarity has long been the leading source of accurate, accessible, and fun-to-read data for use in homes and libraries. It contains thousands of articles, written by over 1,880 authoritative contri howeverors and as well as has many other special features.The key aspects of the New Book of Knowledge Online are its appealing features, illustrations, and maps complement encyclopedia entries. The much recent 2003 form boasts of 51 completely new articles among them African Union Chirac, Jacques Grief Giuliani, Rudolph Mesopotamia Snails and slugs and Zoology. With virtually 1,200 new images, photographs, and works of art, the New Book of Knowledge Online devotes nearly threesome of the content to illustrations. This is a key feature which appeals to its target market of children from grades four (4) to six (6).Several interactive features also make this edition more appealing and entertaining for the children as well. Under the NBK News section in that respect is SummerScoops which is a fun section that currently links to the Great Outdoors, Sightseeing. com, wet Day Fun, Summer Reading, and more. There are also other stock features, such as Wonder Questions, Literary Selections, and Projects and Experiments, which are also set in motion in the print set. Web Feat is a fun-and-games approach to nurture and adds entertainment to education.The strength of the New Book of Knowledge Online is the fact that the education is very thoroughly updated. The replacement article on Afghanistan is current into June 2002 and Hamid Karzais election as president of the Transitional Authority. Terrorism, war on is a new entry, and Bush, George W. and Terrori sm were replaced. The Bush entry notes his address to the United Nations in September 2002, and the new entry on Tony Blair mentions the prime ministers support for Bushs plans to disarm Iraq. The post deadline Columbia quadriceps femoris shuttle disaster made it into the entries for dummy exploration and travel and Space shuttles.These current facts make this an ideal encyclopedia not only for children but for parents as well. It is not only useful for school reports and research written document but has all sorts of information that appeal to almost all the critical endeavors. Another major selling point for the New Book of Knowledge is its relative ease in facilitating searcher. Each volume of the New Book of Knowledge has its own index with blue pages, which makes it easy to locate, and there is a well-constructed comprehensive index volume for the set.It also identifies items such as pictures, maps, and in the index entries. A Subject Browse, Alphabetical Browse, and Advance d Search are avail subject in addition to a full-text Quick Search. Being able to retrieve articles and updates in a single search is a gravid feature, making Quick Search very user-friendly. In both its print and online version NBK is well suited to its young audience, a group in general underserved by reference publishers. Its many appealing features encourage children to explore and to commence good research skills.

Election Commission in India

A good electoral system is, in that complyfore, the bed rock of genuine representative government. The architects of the Indian brass attached the highest significance to arzon-dependent electoral machinery for the canalize of resources. For this it was necessary that an independent option bearing with its vast paraphernalia should be set-up in country such(prenominal) a commission could mark fair and free choices of the representatives of the pie at alone levels. Articles 324, Dr.Ambedkar contended, proposed centralise the election machinery in hands of a single commission, be back up by regional commissioners working under the supervision centering view as of the election commission and not and under e control of the nation government as envisaged earlier. Composition of the option cathexis Of the tetrad pillars of the Indian constitution, the resource commission is one, the opposite three being the compulsive act, the public service commission and the comptrol ler and Auditor General of India.On the election commission depends the integrity of election, which truly is the oxygen of democracy. Thus viewed, its independence d impartiality assume vituperative importance to the countrys entire governmental system. To ensure free and fair and impartial elections, the constitution establishes the alternative centering, a embody autonomous in character and free from political orenecutive determine. The commission is an e precise last(predicate) India body having jurisdiction over, elections to sevens, fate Legislatures, offices of the professorship and vice- hot seat.The Election kick consists of the tribal chief Election relegatinger, and such number of Election Commissioners if any as the president may fix from clipping to time. The point Election Commissioner stands at the point of the hierarchy of the Election Commission of India. All these commissioners ar plant by the president subject to the provisions of any law enacted by parliament for the purpose. The Chief Election Commissioner acts as the chairman of the Election Commission . n encase any early(a) Election Commissioner besides him is appointed. The tenure of the Chief Election Commissioner is independent of the executive discretion, for he cannot be removed from his of acquaint except in the like manner and on the like movement as a judge of the Supreme Court. The conditions of service of the Chief Election Commissioner cannot be varied to his disadvantage after his appointment. The president also promulgate an ordinance amending the Chief Election Commissioner and ther Election Commissioner wreak providing for unanimous performance of business and decisions besides in case of differences of opinion among the three members the guinea pig shall be decided according to the opinion of the majority. The Chief Election Commissioner and other Election Commissioner Act, 1991 as existed before the issue of ordinance was weighed in party fav or of the chief election commissioner on decision making in case of differences among the members of the commission. The constitution provides for a single member or multimember Election Commission.Where in that location is more than one I members the CEC acts as its chairman. The committee on electoral Reforms has made certain recommendations with regard to the items and conditions of service Of the Chief Election Commissioner and the other Election Commissioners. After having studied those recommendations the chief Election Commissioners of India conditions of service rules 1972 were revise with introspective, effect from 1st January 1986. The Chief Election Commissioner of India will not be empower to the salary and other facilities, like rent free accommodation, equivalery to that of a judge of Supreme Court.The term of his office has also been extended upto 6 years, from the control he assumes office or till the day he at his the age of 65 years. To assist the Chief Electio n Commissioner in the performance of his onerous duties on that point exists a large paraphernalia of the police officers and the lag subordinate to him. Among them is the regional commissioner. delegate Election Commissioner, secretary, Under secretary, Research officers etc. In the place of the regional commissioners a new-fashioned post of Deputy Election Commissioner was created in the Election Commission for the beginning time in 1956.Since he Deputy Chief Election Commissioner is appointed by the president and is usually sent on deputation, he can be recalled by the central govt, at the request of the chief Election Commissioner at any time. At the call forth or the union territory level there is the Chief Election officer as the kingpin in the electoral machinery. He is put up by the Election Commission in cite with the state Govt. He is usually a senior executive or judicial officer of the state Government.He is assisted by the joint legate or assistant Chief Elect ion officers as well as the rest of the staff appointed by him in consultation with the state government. He may be a whole time or part time officer. At the dominion level the electoral duties are discharged by the District officer or the Executive military officer in addition to his normal administrative routine. The responsibility for the preparation and order of electoral rolls is rested in an officer called the electoral Registration officer. He may have under him Assistant electoral Registration officers.The election in every constituency is supervised by an officer known as the returning officer nominated by the Election commission in consultation with the govt, of the state. The same officer can be nominated as returning officer r more than one constituencies. He is assisted by one or more assistant Returning Officers so designated by the Election Commission. The staff consisting of presiding and treetoping officers, for the actual conduct of the peak is appointed by t he District Election officer. The District Election Officer may appoint a presiding officer for each polling station and such polling officers are necessary.The presiding officer keeps order of the pooling station and ensures the fair conduct of the poll. Functions and actors of the Election Commission The Election Commission of India has to perform multifarious duties assigned to it under the constitution. few of the principal functions of the commission are (1) Demarcation of constituencies To facilitate the process of elections a country has to be divided into several constituencies. The task of delimiting constituencies is generally performed by a delimitation commission.But the force out to delimit parliamentary and assembly constituencies for the first general elections in 1951 was conferred on the president. The Election Commission distributed the seats district wise in each one of the states and directed the Chief Electoral Officers to prepare proposals for the physical d emarcation of constituencies according to the prescribed criteria. The procedure select in the delimitation of constituencies in 1951 led to a virtual power in the hands of the ruling party to decide the contours of the constituencies as it worthy its designs.The association of parliamentary Advisory committees with the delimitation commission gave top anteriority to political consideration. The Election Commission strongly pleaded for taking away this power from the parliament. The Delimitation commission was to consist of three members, two of whom were to be nominated by the president from serving or retired judges of the Supreme Court or High Courts while the Chief Election Commissioner was to be an ex-officio member. (2) Electoral RollsThe second important but tedious function of the Election Commission is to prepare for identification the upto date tendency of all the persons who are entitled for voting at the poll. (3) Recognition of political parties and Allotment of Sym bols A new part IV A has been added to the representation of the wad Amendment Act, 1951 on adjustment of political parties. Section 29 A now inserted provides for registration with the commission, of associations and bodies of single(a) citizens of India as political parties for purpose of this Act. This provision came into force from June 15, 1989.A recognised political party has been classified either as a National political party or a state party under paragraph 7 of the Elections symbol order 1968. another(prenominal) important function of the Election Commissioner is to share symbols to the political parties and the candidates, and also to accord reference to the political parties. The commission has condition certain symbols as reserved and others as free. The reserved symbols are yet procurable for candidates sponsored by the political parties and the free symbols are equally available to other candidates.The Election Commission has power to adjudicate upon disputes with regard to recognition of political parties and rival claims to a particular symbol for the purposes of elections. (4) Scrutiny of the nominating speech Papers Another function of the Election Commission is to examine the nomination papers of the candidates. These papers are authorized if found in order, but rejected otherwise. This duty is performed by the returning officer who notifies to all the contesting candidates the date, time and place for the formal scrutiny of nomination papers.The Returning officer summarily but judicially examines all the nomination papers and decides the objection raised. He is also to see whether the requisite requirements of security deposit, election symbol, election element etc. have also been fulfilled. He is empowered to reject the nomination papers either by upholding the objection raised by a rival candidate or on his own motion or any of the following (a) that the candidate either is not qualified or is disqualified to fill the seat under any of the relevant constitutional provisions viz. Articles 84. 02, 173 and 191 (b) that the provision of sections 33 and 34 of the representation of the peoples Act 1951 have not been complied with and (c) that the signature of the candidate or the proposer on the nomination or papers is not genuine. (5) The conduct of the poll Another stupendous task that the Election Commission has to undertake is the conduct of the poll through and throughout the whole of India. In a parliamentary constituency, the returning officer is to make suitable arrangements for conducting the poll with the prior approval of the Election Commission.The commission can order a Ripoll for the whole constituency under compulsion of circumstances. Articles 324 confers on the Election Commission necessary powers to conduct the elections including the power to countermand the poll in a constituency and ordering a fresh poll there in because of hooliganism and break down of law and order at the line of pol ling or counting of votes. (6) Election Expenses Another most contentious function that the election commission has perform is no scrutinize the accounts of election expenses submitted by contestants in elections.In India every contesting candidate is required to maintain and show the accounts of his election expenses. Within a prescribed period after issue of the result of his election within 10 days from the last date of filing the returns the Returning Officer submits to the Election Commission a list of all the candidates and their agents together with their returns as also his observation in respect of candidates who have failed to lodge returns in the specified time and a conformism with the procedure prescribed by law.The commission scrutinizes the accounts and dudes whether the returns are in fitting form and whether they have been lodged in time. In case of default it notifies the candidates or their agents of there disqualification by publishing these in the official Gazette. Role of the Election Commission Election is the contrivance through which a modern state creates amongst its citizens a sense of involvement and participation in public affairs. It is through popular elections that the authority of a govt, is clouted with legitimacy and peaceful and orderly remove of authority to new leaders is ensured.For this it was necessary than an independent Election Commission with its vast paraphernalia should be set up in the country. much(prenominal) a commission would ensure fair and free election of the representatives of the people at all levels. According to L. K. Advani, The Election Commission occupies a arctic place in the scheme of the Indian constitution. During recent years it has willingly or unwillingly abdicated its independent Supra governmental authority and accepted for itself the role of a mere official department charged with the conduct of elections. The relations between CES and the central and state Governments are not cord ial. The brush and the ensuing embarrassment for the Governments as a result of the ruling tending(p) by Chief Election Commissioner J. N. Seshan have only been increasing. With a critical evaluation of the working of the Election Commission of India so far as we can now infer that Firstly, the working of the Elections Commission of India during the last quadruple decades has shown that the Election Commission worked independently and impartially, as well as efficiently.Secondly, the Election Commission has fulfilled all the constitutional obligations, and has never tried to go beyond or over step the limits of the constitution. It always worked within the reference frame work of the constitution. Thirdly, when the Election Commission conducted the first General Election in 1951-52 the electorate were just 17 million but the present strength of the electorate is nigh 50 crores. The commission, has however been able to cope with its ever mounting responsibilities. It has the ca pacitor to meet new challenges and faced the situation boldly.Fourthly, although the faith of the people in democracy, its institutions and political parties has eroded but their faith in the Election Commission has all the more strengthened or fortified. According to the Election Commission, the very fact that in almost all states the ruling parties have produce setbacks shows that the elections have been free and fair. It has given the lie to the wide spread imprint that the party in power will use official machinery and influence the voters in its favour.

Examining Ethnic Differences in Achievemen Essay

1. The definition of an heathenish collection is a group of people of the same race or nationality that shargon the same heathen norms and orders. 2. Three ways in which the education system may further separation amid children of different cultural terra firmas be Labelling and teacher racism, many a nonher(prenominal) teachers label their students and studies by interactionist sociologists found out that many teachers labelled unrelenting children as disruptive and they didnt want them in their class. Another drive is the ethnocentric curriculum.Troyna and Williams describe the curriculum in British schools as ethnocentric because it gives priority to white culture and the English language this causes separation between white pupils and other social pupils. A final drive is the excerption and segregation available to schools. David Gillborn argues that marketization has given schools greater scope to select pupils. This puts round heathen minority pupils at a disad vantage because selection gives more scope for negative stereotypes to influence decisions about school admissions.3. There are many ways in which factors in childrens residence background may lead to differences in proceeding levels between ethnic groups. The premier way is cultural lack this is split into 3 aspects. The first is smart and linguistic skills. ethnic deprivation theorists argue that many children from low-income b lack families lack intellectual stimulation and enriching experiences. Bereiter and Engelmann consider the language spoken by low-income threatening American families as inadequate for educational success.The next aspect is attitudes and values. Cultural deprivation theorists say that some black children are socialised into a subculture that instils a fatalistic live for toady attitude that does not value education and leaves them unequipped for success. The final aspect of cultural deprivation is family coordinate and parental support. Daniel Moyn ihan argues that because many black families are headed by a unaccompanied mother, their children are deprived of adequate care because she has to struggle financi aloney in the absence of a staminate breadwinner.Also Ken Pryce claims that Asians are noble achievers because their cukture is more resistant to racism and gives them a greater sense of self-worth. However, he argues, black Caribbean culture is less cohesive and less resistant to racism. As a result, many balck pupils have low self-esteem and under-achieve. Another reason is Material deprivation and class. According to Flaherty Pakistanis and Bangladeshis are everywhere three times more likely than whites to be in the poorest fifth of the population, as a result statistics show that Pakistani and Bangladeshi boys are among the lowest ethnic groups in the country to obtain 5 A-C GCSEs.A final reason is racism in wider society. David Mason says discrimination is a continuing and persistent feature of the experience of Britains citizens of minority ethnic origin. 4. The differences in educational advancement between different groups of pupils have been a assume focus of much sociological research. These differences can often be seen to be largely delinquent to different social class, but besides gender or ethnicity. Social class is the most significant and ascendant factor when looking at these differences, but ethnicity also has a congenator impact on educational achievement.Education has a key constituent to play in eradicating racism and valuing diversity and it a responsibility for entirely educational establishments, including those with few or no ethnic minority pupils. Promoting racial equality demands a whole school approach and commitment from all those who are involved in the life and work of their school. Racism is relate to the educational achievement of minority ethnic groups, however the connections are complex.Gilborn and Mirza stop that social class and gender diffe rences are also associated with differences in attainment but neither can account for persistent underlying ethnic inequalities comparing like with like, African Caribbean, Pakistani and Bangladeshi pupils do not enjoy equal opportunities. They also argue that in promoting educational inclusion body as a means of raising standards, there is a require for clarity and guidance in translating the commitment to equality and inclusion into polity proposals and practice at the local and school level.Many cultural deprivation theorists see the lack of intellectual and linguistic skills as a major cause of under-achievement. Gordon Bowker identifies their lack of standard English as a major barrier to progress in education and integration into wider society. However the Swann name found that language was not a major factor in under-achievement. Other cultural deprivation theorists suc as Charles Murray argue that a high rate of lone parenthood and a lack of positive male constituent m odels lead to the under-achievement of some minorities.Also Anthony Flew believes that ethnic differences in achievement stem from cultural differences outside the education system, not discrimination at heart it. However Geoffrey Driver criticises the cultural deprivation theory for ignoring the positive effectuate of ethnicity on achievement. He shows that the black Caribbean family, far from being dysfunctional, provides girls with positive role models of strong independent wome Driver argues this is why black girls tend to be more successful in education than black boys.Some socilogists that the ethnic differences in education are cause by racism. John Rex shows how racial discrimination leads to social exclusion and how this worsens the poverty faced by ethnic minorities. In housing, for instance, discrimination means that minorities are more likely to be forced into substandard acoomodation than white people of the same class. This creates separation due to the ethnic childr en not being able to study at home and therefore getting lower grades than the white children who are able to study at home.

No development without Security Essay

Discuss this submitment. In 2005, Kofi Annan, former United Nations General, make the memorable statement that there could be no breeding without protection system, and no security without knowledge. This sparked a debate among tripartite climb onncies, governments and Non-Governmental Organisations (NGOs) about the specialty and targeting of international serve. Kofi Annan and the UN observed that violent engagement, s earth-closett(p) governance and kind-hearted organic evolution, for usage reducing poverty and improving education, were interconnected.As rise as this, they undercoat that progress towards human learning is impossible with governmental instability and poor governance but at the same time, argonas of deprivation and poverty require fear indoors communities that al starting times terrorism, civil war and crime to erupt. During the departed ten dollar bill multilateral agencies, such as the UN, the World Bank and major presenter governments set a bout acknowledged that peace, political stability and good governance are required in Less Economically Developed Countries (LEDCs) for development.In sub-Saharan Africa civil wars and regional conflicts have prevented progress because the resources that should have been devoted to development have in fact been lost finished armed conflict. An causa of this is Somalia, in east Africa with a Human Development Index of secure 0. 284, where 20 old age of civil war has piddled lawlessness, anarchy and a state without an official government, since 1991. Islamic insurgents including the Al-Shabaab group, with an estimated 14,000 militants and connections to Al-Qaeda, have controlled much of southern Somalia since 2008.Piracy on the Indian Ocean, off the gliding of Somalia, is similarly a major puzzle in progress towards development. Dozens of foreign ships bearing food abide up have been waylaid and about 10 one thousand thousand dollars has been collected through plagiarizatio n in ransom money and cargo value. This situation, affecting much of the coast surrounding Somalia, has prevented development from trade and foreign investment with an estimated 1. 25 billion dollars lost through potential trade opportunities. In contrast, the self-proclaimed state of Somaliland to the northmost of Somalia is having a construction boom.As well as this, the area has low crime rates and low fear of violence mainly referable to great group homogeneity but also because the port of Berbara, on the coast of Somaliland does non suffer from piracy so foreign aid is able to enter the country and hence development has occurred. Also, population structures within a country can impact upon the rate of development. In the past 40 years, 80 per cent of civil conflict outbreaks have occurred in countries with more than 60 per cent of the population under the age of 30. umteen of these countries have been faced with autocratic governments, where life expectancies are, on averag e, 9 years less than democratically governed countries and infant mortality rates are 25 per cent higher than in democracies. However as these countries, with youthful populations, kindle along the demographic transition, with declining birth and death rates, their vulnerability to civil conflict decreases due to lower dependency ratios and in turn a greater proportion of population at working age which allows for greater personalised savings and government spending.A youthful population can be a tremendous advantage to society if they are educated, healthy and support in a safe world. This means that there exit be many potential workers for the future, paying taxes, but most of these countries lack adequate economic capabilities to realise this potential. Afghanistan, in stage 2 of the Demographic alteration Model (DTM), has a population of 31. 9 million, a total birth rate rate of 6. 8 and 45 per cent of the population under the age of 15.This is has been mainly due to the f act that educational and career opportunities were non-existent, before 1980, and it was seen that women should enlistment at home which has dramatically influenced the demographic and economic situation of the country. Although, approximately development has started to take place with improvements in health care, small hobnailed schemes, such as drainage systems and health clinics, being built through the National Solidarity Programme and a Hydro Electric Power turbine setup in the Helmand region which produces 33 megawatts of electricity annually.Inadequate and unequal human development is also a cause of political instability as well as an outcome. Poverty, hunger, poor health and education and oppression can create popular resentment towards governments. Where these problems coincide with separatist tendencies, the result may be armed conflict and civil war. Hence, it is argued that to achieve security and peace human development issues must have priority. In many countries s ome development can take place without security but this can also be observed at a smaller scale.On a local scale, it is often believed that without security of land tenure, housing will not develop. The huge pace of urbanisation in LEDCs has shown that large areas of previously put down land have been overrun by the development of poor, informal housing. In Bangalore, over 50 per cent of informal, slum housing, greater than 6km from the city marrow squash is not declared and there is no security of tenure, yet the residents pass on to build. This shows that they are rarely willing to invest into housing that is anything more than semi-permanent without the security of being able to make sure they remain.In Mumbai, 90,000 of these dwellings were destroyed and 300,000 raft were left homeless. Although, in areas such as Rochina in Sao Paulo, the opposite can occur. Here, one area within the country received granting for some security has resulted in development. Buildings are now being built with bricks rather than wood, roofs have tiles instead of corrugated iron and sewage systems have been installed. The continued development of the area is reliant on further improvements in security.While multilateral organisations and many world leaders believe that development can yet be effective with security and security can only be achieved with development, some objections are still present. Some NGOs fear that this belief will encourage governments in LEDCs to divert international development aid to armed services spending to defeat separatist groups and crack down on political opposition. This in turn could escalate conflict, violate human rights and set back the whole development process.

Output Research on Indigenous People’s Group

All Aeta communities fool adopted the language of their Austr hotshotsian neighbors, which involve roughly successions diverged everywhere quantify to become different languages. These implicate, in order of number of speakers, Mag-indi, Mag-antsi, Abellen, Ambala, and Mariveleno. II. custom/ TRADITIONS sac reddened Beliefs and Pr subprogramices ? at that place ar divergent views on the dominant character of the Aeta religion. Those who study they atomic number 18 mo nonheistic argue that sundry(a) Aeta tribes believe in a supreme being who dominate each over less(prenominal)(prenominal)er animate or deities.The Mamanua believe in the supreme Magbabaya while the Pinatubo Aeta worships Apo Namalyari. Accor disturbanceg to anthropologist E. Arsenio Manuel, the Agta believe in a supreme being named Gutugutumakkan. Manuel notes some other(a) lesser deities of the Agta Kedes, the divinity fudge of capture Pawi, the divinity fudge of the forest and Sedsed, the god of the sea. thither ar four manifestations of the prominent creator who rules the world Tigbalog is the source of bearing and action Lueve sop ups c be of mathematical product and growth Amas moves heap to pity, love, unity, and public security of heart while Binangewan is responsible for tack, sickness, and closing.These animate survive the balete steer. wedlock ? later on the bride and the groom reserve fed separately other with a arrive atful of sieve supposedly blessed by god, a mabalian or a priest conducting the ritual would gently beg the couples heads to perfect the marital vow. hiding ?The traditional materialing of the Aeta is very simple. material wrapa rophy biddys atomic number 18 worn by the wo manpower when young. Elder wo hold assume bark cloth, and the sr. men loincloths. The old women of the Agta seize a bark cloth leach which passes between the legs, and is attached to a string around the waist.Today stiffly Aeta who collect been i n contact with low refineers consider adopted the T-shirts, pants and rubber sandals norm ally accustomd by the latter. medicinal drug ?The Aeta have a tuneful heritage consisting of various types of agung ensembles ensembles composed of large adhereing, susp destinati geniusd or held, bossed/ gnarled gongs which act as dr unrivaled with bring out all accompanying melodic instrument. lovelihood/ handwork ?The around common form of Aeta visual art is the etching make in their daily tools and implements. This is done on the outer sur strikingnesss of various kins soul containers/utensils and ornaments.Bamboo combs argon decorated with incised angular patterns. Geometric designs atomic number 18 sculpted on arrow shafts. They atomic number 18 to a fault skillful in distort and plaiting. For example, the Mamanua, like other Aeta groups, produce comminuted nego or win right offing baskets, duyan or rattan hammocks, and other house ensure containers. III. geographics/ TERRAIN ?Aetas are give in Zambales, Tarlac, Pampanga, Angeles, Olongapo, Panay, Bataan and Nueva Ecija. But because of the Mount Pinatubo eruption, some of them move to resettlement neighborhoods in Pampanga and Tarlac. 2. THE BLAANS I. CULTURE The brush asideonical culture is dry cultivation of a extensive range of food plants including rice, supplemented by food gathering and hunting. Culture c feede is in an advanced head. The Blaan language is classified in a group that includes the Tiruray and Tboli, which are distinct from the central Philippine group. The homogeneous pattern of scattered settlements exists among the group although the houses gener self-colouredy re of import within down of each other near swidden fields. Rice, give, and millet are planted. Corn is gradually displacement rice as the staple. Gardens are planted to sugar enduree, bananas, and rootcrops.Each neighborhood is nonionised under a local datu who has autonomous authority over an area dep ending on his someoneal influence. The position is supposedly hereditary and follows a rule of the starting signalborn assuming the position. The lebe is the Blaan equivalent of the Bagobo magani. II. customs/ TRADITIONS landed estate ?Blaans adheres to inactive form of agriculture and use up in other economic endeavors for their subsistence and development. Although some(prenominal) have adapted the ways of the modern Filipino and have been corporate into the main automobile trunk politic, they still believe and practice their indigenous rituals and customs.Blaans date lag open certain rituals in their planting cycle. In these rituals, they make offerings to their deities requesting for signs to know where to stovepipe make a make iting for a particular planting season. star of this is the mabah or offering to the deities requesting omens that would help them choose the fields for planting. Blaans practice swidden tillage as the main agri ethnic method. They grow ri ce, corn, sugar shage, banana, papaya, and other rootcrops. Some of their crops are use as barter commodities in reciprocation for tools and other utensils that they need. matrimony ?Parents arrange the marriage of the children.They are the ones who decide for their future partners. Children are strangled of their re costume to refuse. The Blaan practice giving of birdsonggod or bride price wherein the bride price wherein brides family in particular the father and good raltives demand valuable things and animals much(prenominal) as agong, carabao, ply from the grooms family. The spousal relationship ceremony is officiated by a Fulong with the presence of the elderlys in the community. For them, get hitched with is the merriest jubilancy which ordinarily lasts for four days. The citizenry in the community enjoy the saf kain, apart(predicate)y prepared by the grooms family at the brides married woman.A muli agno (welcome party) is similarly being held by the groom for his wife. The men specially the resound Fulong and the Dad Tua are polygamous, men are allowed to have many a(prenominal) wives for as they are capable to give sunggod (dowry) and can regimen his family/ies. Having many wives is a symbol of power and influence. To be a Bong Fulongs wife who is able to give birth to many sons symbolizes prestige and high status. Burial ?The Blaan does not use chemicals to preserve their departed instead the breathless body is wrapped with tadtad or broken bamboo therefore tied with uway (rattan) and bring up in the tree.It should be done within 24 hours from the time the mortal infracts. They believe that hanging the the Great Compromiser in a tree is a form of respect to the dead person because if it is c at onceal underground, the earthworms and other tarnish organisms get out feed on the flesh of the person while if it hanged the cadaver giveing decompose in a natural way. Music ?The Blaan use musical instruments extensively wi th their rituals and dancings. The instruments run the copious range of idiophones (percussions), zithers (bamboo tubes with strings), chordophones (wooden lutes), and aerophones (flutes and reeds). Dressing ?The plurality of these tribes pall vibrant embroidered native costumes and beadwork accessories. The women of these tribes, particularly, stick out dumb brass whacks with brass tassels ending in tiny brass bells that omen their approach even when they are a long way off. Livelihood/ handicraft ?They are celebrated for their brass works, beadwork and tnalak weave. III. GEOGRAPHY/ TERRAIN ?The Blaans is one of the indigenous peoples of southernern Mindanao in The Philippines. Their name could have derived from bla convey opponent and the suffix an meaning people. another(prenominal) terms employ to worry to this group are Blaan, Bira-an, Baraan, Vilanes, and Bilanes. The Blaan, are neighbors of the Tboli, and live in in Lake Sebu and Tboli municipalities of southw esterly Cotabato, Sarangani, the southeastern part of Davao and around Buluan Lake in North Cotabato. 3. THE TBOLIS I. CULTURE ? scarcely a few Tboli are Christian or Islamite. More than 95 percent of The Tboli people still has their animist religion. They were hardly influenced by the spread of the Islam on the island. The Spaniards too, didnt succeed to Christianize the Tboli during the Spanish colonial stage.Main reason was that the Tboli withdrew to the hinterlands in the alpestrines. ?The Tboli still believe in spirits who live on several(prenominal) places in the natural environment. II. CUSTOMS/ TRADITIONS Farming ?In the past the Tboli practiced the primitive way of agriculture worst and burn. Slash and burn means that the people will clear a part of the forest by sliceting the big trees and keen the lower and shorter trees and bushes, afterward which they use the cleared plots as cultivatable land for some days without any fertilization.Rice, cassava and yams were t he most chief(prenominal) agricultural products. Next to that, the people went hunting or look for for special food. For years slash and burn is no longer possible. The forests are kaput(p) by intensive economic activities as foresting. At flummox The Tboli live in the galvanic jalopys. Agriculture is the provided source of income. Some foreigners, in cooperation with the back up organization Cord Aid, succeeded in developing some hectares of arable land in the last few years. Nevertheless, the Tboli live in poor dowery a struggle for live. Courtship Blit Blaan is a suit spring of the Blaan people of Davao del Sur in which the dancers mimic the behavior of forest birds in the pair season. Two male dancers that represent richly-plumed male birds eye three females. The females travail to hide from the males, burying their heads under their wings, which are represented by their malongs. Still, the predatory males pursue them. Marriage ?Sla-i (marriage arrangements) are c onsidered lousy without tnalak during the exchange of kemu (traditional properties) such(prenominal) as heirlooms, gongs, horses, work animals, ancient s linguistic process and other tribal artifacts. Burial fair like the other indigenous peoples in the country, the Tbolis of South Cotabato in Southern Mindanao has interesting burial rituals. Grieving starts when the tau mo lungon ( lay maker) or an elder who has been summoned to ascertain the finis gives a wrenching cry. Upon hearing the cry, the family members start weeping. If the dead is a child, he or she is simply wrapped in a blanket (nga sadan-kumo) or a mat (igam) and thusly suspended on a big tree. However, if the dead is an older child or an adult, he or she is wrapped and then placed in a lungon ( place) together with his or her consequential bes.The finances of the dead quicken a snappy role in the type of burial as well as the length of wake given him or her as these moldiness be exhausted before he or she is bu ried. Hence, the wake could last for a week up to five months. forwards the coffin is sealed, the carnal knowledges of the dead bezant the corpse as a last farewell. therefore the coffin is unlikeable and tied firmly with a darnay. It is at this point that the weeping and suffer come to a halt. The Tbolis bury their dead at night. Before the coffin is brought out of the house, the tau mo lungon breaks a bamboo water container birdcalled kobong.As the container breaks, the people let off a shout. The coffin is then brought around the house, and then carried out into the burial site. Only the men are allowed to accompany the cortege. At the site, the coffin is placed in a humble house-like structure fitted into the pit. After the coffin is settled on the grave, the people sit down for a meal, go away some of it on the grave. After the meal, the tau mo lungon breaks an earthen jar, after which the people start leaving the site in a single file, avocation the order in which t hey had come, kuloy or plumelike flowers of talahib on their head.Reaching the house, they jump over dickens Tboli knives (Kafilan or Tok) stuck on the ground forming an X. Then they clean in a nearby river. Otherwise, the bereaved family put their left creation on a stone at the stair landing, and then offers to a tray of food from which they scoop a little, eat it, and then exit by with(predicate) the backdoor. Finally, the house of the dead is either burned or abandoned as they build a new one. Music ?The Tboli have a musical heritage consisting of various types of agung ensembles ensembles composed of large hanging, suspended or held, bossed/knobbed gongs which act as drone without any accompanying melodic instrument.Tboli have a variety of musical instruments including a drum, the agong, the kulintang, bamboo zither, flute, the hegalong, a long, slender and fusiform two stringed guitar. They have also a variety of dances, which are generally expressive imitations of th eir immediate environment. Dressing ?The Tboli women are cognise for their body ornaments. During mean(a) days, the women can be seen wearing several sets of beaded necklaces, brass or beaded dangling earings, and a wooden comb decorated with round pieces of mirror and trimmed with beads and fibers or horses hair.The men nowadays wear their traditional dresses made of tnalak merely during special occasions. both(prenominal) the men and women wear brass rings in sets of five for each finger. Livelihood/ affair ?Tnalak is an exotic fabric made through a centuries-old procedure of tie-dye twine by the Tboli women. It is made into bags of different sizes, attache case, argue decors, blankets, jackets, purse, clothing, cigarette case, belts, portfolio and others. III. GEOGRAPHY/ TERRAIN The Tboli is of proto-Malayan stock and is found in the mountain ranges of South Cotabato and Sultan Kudarat Provinces. 4. THE HIGAONON I. CULTURE ?The belief in the power of the spirits of ancest ors and in the influence of much than one god is powerfully rooted in the hearts and minds of many Higaonon. or so Higaonon still have a strong belief in the existence of gods and spirits. The velocity god is Magbabaya, the creator of all aspects of life. thither are several lower gods. Each lower god has dominion over a specific part of the natural environment.There is a lower god (Igbabasok) who has dominion over the farms, a lower god (Pamahandi) who has dominion over treasures and properties, a lower god (Bulalakaw) who has dominion over the waters and fishes and in that respect is a lower god (Panalagbugta) who has dominion over lands. The (ancestor) spirits have control on all aspects of the daily life of the people. This belief, called animism, influences the Higaunon people deeply. They believe that all problems like illnesses, bad harvests and even the death, are due to their failure to satisfy the spirits.The Higaonon believe that they have to please the spirits. Only if the Higaonon succeed during their life to fulfill all the wishes of the spirits, they will not die and a path will be shown to go from this world into the everlasting(a) world where the creator gods live. One way to satisfy the spirits is having rituals with sacrifices. Pigs and chickens are the most common sacrifices. Without the sacrifices or when there not enough sacrifices, there will be problems with their subsistence, crops will fail and illnesses will not be cured and people will die.If somebody gets ill, an all knowing priest-doctor is asked advice what to do. The shaman is a person in the village who has the ability to declare which spirit cause the sickness and what should be done to pacify the spirit II. CUSTOMS/ TRADITIONS Farming ?The Higaonon is one of the mountain tribes in the Philippines. Most Higaunon still have a rather traditional way of living. Farming is the most important economic activity. Courtship ?Prior to the wedding, the boy must(prenominal) live in the girls house for about a year to prove his worth and where he is scrutinized by the parents of the girl. Marriage ?Marriage in Higaonon society is arranged in the main by the parents of the boy and girl. The arrangement is a long and tedious process. The wedding ceremony is work and expensive. Feasting lasts for several days at the dorm of the bride and groom. The marriage of a datu is even more elaborate. Livelihood/ Handicraft ?The main economic activity is slash and burn cultivation of upland rice and corn. The agricultural cycle starts during March and April when the Higaonon devote themselves to clearing and planting. They also engage in food gathering.Their livelihood is supplemented by logging tonicitys like apitong, lauan, yakal, kamagong and narra. The timber is cut by hand and the logs are hauled using carabaos as engage animals to bring the logs down to the Agusan river. The hunting of banog, bats, snakes, field rat, monkey and different kinds of birds is prev alent. fish is also one of the major activities. Occasionally, poisons are used in streams. spear up guns are also employed. III. GEOGRAPHY/ TERRAIN The Higaonon are an indigenous tribe found in the northern regions of the island of Mindanao in The Philippines.With a population estimated at 350, 000, they are distri simplyed over five provinces Agusan del Norte, Agusan del Sur, Misamis Oriental, Lanao del Norte and Bukidnon. 5. THE IFUGAOS I. CULTURE ?In the past the Ifugao were feared head- huntsmans, on the barelyton as other tribes in the mountainous regions of northern Luzon. The war-dance (the bangibang) is one of the cultural remnants of the time of tribal conflict. Their ancestors constructed the fascinating rice terraces with the perfect working irrigation systems. These mountain tribes still distinguish themselves by their specific cultural expression and their skills.II. CUSTOMS/ TRADITIONS Farming ?Ifugao culture revolves around the rice, which is considered a presti ge crop. There is an elaborate and complex array of rice culture feasts inextricably linked with taboos and heterogeneous agricultural rites, from rice cultivation to rice consumption. Harvest season calls for highfaluting thanksgiving feasts, while the last harvest rites tungo or tungul (the day of rest) imply a strict taboo of any agricultural work. Partaking of the rice beer (bayah), rice cakes, and betel nut is an indelible practice during the festivities and ritual activities. Practice ?Batok or staining is practiced by Ifugao men in some districts. In other districts the tradition has disappeared, but in general, men tattoo almost all the parts of their body except the back and the feet. Tattooing of the chest, shoulders, arms is common less common are tattoos on the face, buttocks and legs. Younger men tattoo only their necks and upper chest. The more common tattoo designs used by the Ifugao men are tinagu (man) kinahu (dog) ginawang (eagle) ginayaman (centipede) kinilat (lightning) pongo (bracelet). Marriage Monogamy is the norm, but the tight some quantify practice polygamy. The incest prohibition extends to first cousins more distant cousins may be married only on honorarium of livestock penalties. Ifugao courtship takes place in the girls houses ( agamang ). Before a wedding, temporary trial marriages sometimes happen. Wealthy parents arrange marriages through intermediaries, and they make decisions concerning their childrens use and inheritance of shoes. Families exchange gifts and maintain close relations following marriage. Divorce may occur by mutual consent, or with the fee of damages if contested.Grounds for divorce include bad omens, childlessness, cruelty, desertion, and change of affections. There is a vast difference in property allocation if the couple has children. Childless partners each take some(prenominal) they brought individually into the marriage through inheritance and then divide commonly acquired connectt property equally if there are children, all property goes to the children. A widow or widower may marry over again only after making a payment to the deceased spouses family the payment is reduced if the second spouse is of that same family.Postmarital residence is typically close to the largest rice field acquired by either partner, but newlyweds may ab initio spend some time with the parents of either the groom or the bride. Both sexes may inherit property and debts from both parents, although the firstborn receives the greatest share. An motherfucker child has the right to receive support from his or her natural fathers family but no right to inherit from his estate. Burial ?Their funerals are not only a sad event because of the lost of the person. There is also a celebration during days because of they believe of a better life after death.Six years after the body is buried, the bones are dug up, after which a second celebration will take place. This is one time repeated after another (prenominal) sixer years. Music ?Generally Ifugao songs can be classified into ritual songs and non-ritual songs. Ritual songs are sung in spiritual occasions some songs require responses while others are extemporaneous. A ritual song is the alim. Non-ritual songs include the hudhud, the liwliwa, and the salidumnay. The liwliwa, used to express love, protest and other personal emotions, is sung in debate form by groups of men and women and their leaders.The salidumnay, which can express ideas or emotions, is usually sung antiphonally by groups of men and women. Dancing ?Dancing has always been part of the Ifugao life, taking center stage during rituals, apparitional activities, and special occasions. The dance steps follow a long-winded shuffle with slow turns and twists of the left hand and a fast up-and-down parkway of the right hand. While kneeling in front of the dancers, the gong players hold the gangsa on top of their thighs with the convex side held up. They beat the gon gs with their hands, the right hand giving the downward stroke, the left hand serving to dampen the sound.Speeches are made in between these dances, with the resounding whoooo-o-eee serving to silence those present so that the speech may be delivered. Dressing ?Men wear their hair short all around the head but the shopping centre part is allowed to grow long, thus giving impression that they wear a cap of hair. Some wear a turban. Ifugao men carry butong (hip bags), the large kind is called the pinuhha the smaller kind the ambayong. The pinuhha bags are made of fresh screw threads, the ambayong of doubling block thread. The men usually put their betel nut leaves and birdlime container, kottiwong (small crescent-shaped nife), wooden spoon, amulets, and other things here. Necklaces worn by Ifugao males are usually a string of 2 to 8 pieces of gold, silver, or copper in a C-shape and worn tight at the base of the neck. Pang-o of amber beads, which hang much lower than the other necklaces, are sometimes added. In some places, men wear a tight necklace or trapezoidal shells. many a(prenominal) Ifugao men also wear leglets made of Copper wire trauma spirally in 20 to 40 coils, gradually increasing in width from higher up downward. Some wear armlets made of tusks of wild boar.A belt called ginuttu, made of round white shells unbroken together by a string of rattan dyed red, is worn at the waist from the right side of the upper part of the left thigh, and then allowed to hang unfounded at the left side. ?Ifugao women, on the other hand, wear the tapestry, a wraparound razz called the ampuyou or tolge. The ordinary tapis consists of a blue cloth with specify white horizontal stripes and two broken line of red triangles, and is worn just above the knee (Vanoverbergh 1929209). Ifugao girls begin to wear the tapis by the time they are five or six years old. There are five kinds of Ifugao skirts.The inggalgalletget is worn just above the knee. It is full of n arrow stripes and is made of two pieces of cloth joined together. This skirt is working in the rice paddies, but is not in stylus at present. The intinlu is a typical Ifugao skirt made of three pieces of cloth. The pieces are joined together with a takdog and other stitches, a black thread vary with white. The indinwa skirt is also typically Ifugao although less frequently woven. It is shorter than the intinlu but longer than the working skirt. The gamit skirt is made of two equal pieces of cloth joined together by takdang stitch.Red and white threads alternate with white and yellow (takdog stitch) its edges that fray are hemmed and have a bambulud. Gamit skirts are characterized by elaborate boundary line designs which vary correspond to the type and the color of alternating threads woven into the textile. Some Ifugao women allow their hair to hang loosen at the back, but some fold their hair up and use a string of beads called atake or inipul these they wind several times aro und the head to keep the hair in place. The atake is made of small white beads while the inipul is of large beads of light color in agate.Sometimes these beads are worn around the neck. The women put their belongings in the folds of their tapis in front or in a dismissal made of cloth similar to that used by men, except that it has no rings and is thus carried in the hands or pace din the folds of the tapis. Women also tattoo their arms up to the shoulder blade, with designs similar to men. Earring and pendants used by men are also worn by the women. The necklaces hang lower than those of the men, sometimes reaching the navel. Copper bracelets are also used by the women. Livelihood/ Handicraft They have skills in making roll baskets, weapons and clothing. The Ifugao still practice the same skills as in the past Woodcarving and weaving tog. They discovered the tourists as a welcome client for their products in a time that the youngest Ifugao prefer Western clothes. ?The Ifugao p roduce baskets to serve the needs of the household, and many other purposes. They have baskets for winnowing, storing, catching pests and domesticating animals, storing grains and cooked food, keeping household utensils, clothes, and personal belongings, and for rituals and religious ceremonies.Carrying baskets have been so designed as to leave a persons hands free to carry other loads. III. GEOGRAPHY/ TERRAIN ?The Ifugao rest the most rugged and mountainous part of the country, high in the telephone exchange Cordillera in northern Luzon, with peaks rising from 1,000-1,500 m. , and drained by the waters of the Magat River, a tributary of Cagayan River. The area covers about 1942. 5 sq. km. of the territory. Their neighbors to the north are the Bontoc to the wolfram Kankanay and Ibaloy to the east the Gaddang and to the south the Ikalahan and Iwak.There are 10 municipalities in the province Banaue, Hungduan, Kiangan, Lagawe, Lamut, Mayoyao, Potia, Hingyan and Tinoc. There are 154 barangay, with Lagawe as the townspeople center of the province. 6. THE IBANAG I. CULTURE ?Their language is also named Ibanag, which also serves as the lingua franca of other next ethnic groups such as the Gaddang, Yogad, and a few Aeta. This is spoken by about 500,000 peoples in Isabela and Cagayan, especially in Tuguegarao, Solana, Cabagan, and Ilagan. However, most of the Ibanags can also speak Ilocano, one of Northern Luzons dialects.II. CUSTOMS/ TRADITIONS Farming ?The Ibanags are lowland farmers that used to inhabit the area along the Cagayan coast but migrated further inland. They conducted trade with neighboring areas using distinctive seacrafts, and their commercial interests made their language the medium of handicraft throughout the region before the influx of Ilokano migrants. They are also excellent blacksmiths and continue to make good bolos. . Are agricultural, and they engage in fishing and farming. Marriage ?Marriage customs, to great degree, have been made simpl e.Expenses are now borne by both parties unlike before when the grooms parents shouldered all wedding expenses. Preparations may not be very lavish but the umune-ca presents and maginterga, are still parts of marriage customs, likewise the gala is, sine qua non especially in rural wedding. III. GEOGRAPHY/ TERRAIN ?The Ibanag are severe on the Provinces of Cagayan, Nueva Vizcaya, Isabela. The Ibanag are among the minority of Filipino people that live along the banks of the Cagayan River. They are the most assimilable and adaptable among groups of the Filipino people.On Cagayan, Ibanag are more found in Tuguegarao, Abulug, Pamplona, Camalaniugan, Lal-lo, Amulong, Iguig, Penablanca and Aparri towns. 7. THE MANOBO I. CULTURE ?An occupation that figures as entertainment for the Manobo is bee hunting, the procedure for which the basis of the jovial bee-hunting dance. Bees appear during the season when the tress start to bloom. The hunter waits for them along the creek banks and trails them to their hive. If he catches a bee, he ties a fluff of cotton to it and then releases it. When the bee reaches the hive, the other bees raise such a buzzing noise, that a hunter is led to the location of their hive.He builds a fire to smoke out the bees and then climbs the tree to get the empty bee hive. However, the hunter faces hazards, such as the tree catching fire or the bees attacking him. II. CUSTOMS/ TRADITIONS Farming ?The upland Manobo practise swidden or slash-burn farming whereas those inhabiting the valleys practise wet-rice farming. Rice culture is so central to the Manobo way of life that there are more than 60 different names for rice varieties, and all agricultural rituals center on it. Marriage ?Intervillage relationship is based on upakat or reciprocity.Village members, usually belonging to military personnel relationship group or groups allied by marriage, expect avail from each other in matters of subsistent labor, defense, and support in crises. Marriage is traditionally by parental arrangement, which begins when each of two families chooses a spokesperson, preferably a datu or bai, who is known for eloquence and knowledge of custom law. The ginsa (asking) begins with the girls representative offering betel chew, which the boys representative politely refuses until negotiations for the kagun (bridewealth) begin.All the grooms relatives, especially the datu/bai cerebrate to the grooms family, will contribute to the kagun. The wedding date is determined by the length of the grooms family will need to raise the kagun. In the meantime, the brides relatives are preparing the apa (wedding feast), consisting of rice, meat, fish, and rice wine. On the wedding day, the groom wearing a white handkerchief and his party walk to the brides home. The bride is kept hidden behind a curtain in another room with someone guarding her.The grooms party knocked at the doorway y the ed-ipal, two or more of the brides relatives who may ask the grooms party for a gift, such as clothing or money. After the feast, the elders sit on a large mat for the edteltagan he rirey, to display the symbols for the brides value. Ten piles of corn kernels each are laid out in rows. Each pile symbolizes remuneration for the pains taken by the brides family in rearing her. For example, one pile represents the purangan (to keep awake at night), the sleepless nights the parents spent over her another pile represents the tugenan (viand), the nourishment they have given er. Then the grooms family presents the items of the kagun which may consist of a house, a piece of land, clothing, money, articles made of iron, brass, and animals. These items are distributed to members of the brides across-the-board family, especially her aunts and uncles and those who contributed to the bridewealth given by her father when he married the brides mother. The negotiations over, the grooms family presents the tenges (headcloth), which symbolizes that the arrangements must be wrapped up tightly to ensure a dexterous life for the young couple. The seru ritual follows the bride and groom sit before a dish of rice.Each of the spokespersons takes a fistful of rice, molds it into a ball, and gives it to the couple, who feed each other. Then the guests join in the eating, with much revelry. The brides mother prepares betel chew and hands it to her daughter, who offers it to the groom. This gesture symbolizes her tasks and duties as a wife. The couples are then given advice by the elders while the guests leave for home. The grooms parents stay for three more days, during which a civilisation ritual of chickens and rice is performed for the couples gimukod (soul-spirit), whose approval of the marriage is sought.The groom goes home with his parents to call his gimukod in case it stayed there while he was away. He does not stay away too long from his brides home because, for every day that he is gone, he must gift his in-laws with an article of clothing. Marriage is an partnership system in which reciprocity and mutual obligation between the grooms and brides kinship groups are expected. It is, therefore, a means of maintaining peace and oder, for the Manobos practice of retaliation does not extend to ones kindred or allies. Incest taboo is strictly followed up to a common great-great-great grandparent on both the mothers and fathers side. Polygamy, although rarely practised, was allowed. A datu might doctor to it, usually for economic and political reasons. Several wives allowed for more fields that could be cultivated, since the Manobo women did all the work in the fields. Polygyny also multiplied ones alliances and expanded them to several communities. However, the man could take another wife only if the first wife and her parents consented. The fist wife remained the head wife. Burial ?When death occurs, lapuy, death messengers, are sent to inform relatives and friends.The body is washed, dressed in best clothes of the deceas ed, laid on mat at the exact center of the report directly underneath the peak of the rooftop, and completely covered with a blanket. Objects, such as a bolo sword that the dead must take with it on its journey to the afterlife, are placed near the body. A clothesline is string parallel to the body, and the clothes of the family or the dead persons personal possessions are hung there. There is much wailing and shouting and the agung (gong) is constantly beaten to announce the death to everyone within the hearing distance.The number of beats indicates the dead persons age, status and accessible position. After the grave has been dug, someone stands guard by the pit to keep the busaw away. Burial rites begin in the house with the cutting the strand ritual an elder blackens half of a strand of manila hemp. This blackened end is held by the family while the white end is tied to the corpse. The strand is cut to signify the cutting of ties of affection between the family and the dead. A man is buried facing the east so that the sunrise will signal to him that it is time to work.A woman is buried facing the west so that the sunset will remind her that it is time to cook. As the dirt is thrown back into the pit, all turn their backs to avoid temptation of accompanying the dead person. The grave mug is a low wooden frame. Tree cuttings are stuck around the grave. After the burial, the mourners go to an unfrequented part to wash themselves and the tools used to dig the grave. When they soften to the house, they spit on a burning woo or a fire by the doorway. Everyone takes a small bite from the small meal that has been placed on the mat where the corpse had lain in state.The last person coming in takes the glowing piece of wood and the meal out of the house and throws it in the direction of the grave. Everyone, including the soul of the dead, is invited to eat. A mourning period of 8 to 12 days is set, depending on the stature of the dead person. A baby is mourned o nly for one day a datu, seven days. There is singing and dancing but no instrumental music is allowed. Music ?Manobo music differs from one group to another. The variance can be observed in the gong ensembles, which may consist of 8 to 10 agong (gongs) as in the ahong of Magpet, or five small hand-held gongs as in the sagagong. Dressing ?Before the Spanish colonial period, the Manobo wore bark cloth to cover their genitalia. Today they wear Western clothes the skirt and blouse or dress for the women, trousers and sports shirt for men. The heavily embroidered traditional Manobo costume is now worn only on special occasions. Livelihood/ Handicraft ?Traditional fabric for clothes was abaca or hemp, weaved by the ikat process, but is now cotto cloth obatained through trade. Dyes were acquired from plants and trees the tagum plant and the bark of the lamud treee produced lack, the turmeric root, yellow, and the keleluza plant, red.Ginuwatan are inwoven representational designs such as f lowers. If cotton trade cloth is bought, big floral designs are preferred. natural colors are red, black, yellow, green, blue and white. III. GEOGRAPHY/ TERRAIN ?Most Manobo inhabit the river valleys, hillsides, plateaus, and interiors of Agusan, Bukidnon, Cotabato, Davao, Misamis Oriental, and Surigao Del Sur. The whole Manobo population numbers 250,000. The subgroup Manuvu inhabits a contiguous area along southern Bukidnon, northeastern Cotabato, and northwestern Davao. The Ilianon, Livunganen-Arumanen, and Kirintekan are in northern Cotabato.The Tigwa/Tigwahanon are concentrated in Lindagay and scattered all over the town of San Fernando, Bukidnon, close to the border of Davao Del Norte. Tigwa may have derived from guwa (scattered) or the Tigwa River, whose banks they inhabit. The Umayamnon are scattered around the town of Cabalangsan, Bukidnon, and the interiors of Agusan Del Sur. The western Bukidnon Manobo inhabits the southwestern quarter of Bukidnon province. 8. TIRURAY I. CULTURE ?Their language is structurally related to those of the Malayo-Polynesian family. But when spoken, it is unintelligible even to their immediate neighbors.II. CUSTOMS/ TRADITIONS apparitional practices and beliefs ?According to the Tiruray, the world was created by the female deity Minaden, who had a blood brother named Tulus, also called Meketefu and Sualla. Tulus is the chief of all good spirits who bestow gifts and favors upon human beings. He goes around with a retinue of messengers called telaki. Tulus is said to have find some errors in the first creation of theworld and of human beings. Livelihood/ Handicraft ?The Tiruray have not developed the arts of traditional cloth weaving, metallic element craft, and pottery, but have excelled in basketry.They are, in fact, one of the most obliging basket weaving groups among the countrys cultural communities. III. GEOGRAPHY/ TERRAIN ?They live in the upper portion of a river-drained area in the northwestern part of South Cot abato, where the mountainous terrain of the Cotabato Cordillera faces the Celebes Sea. The Tiruray call themselves etew teduray or Tiruray people, but also classify themselves according to their geographic location etew rotor, mountain people etew dogot, coastal people etew teran, Tran people and etew awang, Awang people, or etew ufi, Upi people. . TAUSUG I. CULTURE ?Tausugs are experienced sailors and are known for their colorful boats or vintas. They are also superb warriors and craftsmen. They are also famous for the Pangalay dance (also known as Daling-Daling in Sabah), in which female dancers wear artificial elongated finger narrows made from brass or silver known as janggay, and perform motions based on the Vidhyadhari (Bahasa Sug Bidadali) of pre-Muslim Buddhist legend. II. CUSTOMS/ TRADITIONS spectral practices and beliefs ?The Tausug follows standard Islamic beliefs and practices.The Quran is considered by all Muslims as the words of Allah (God), revealed to the prophet Mu hammad through archangel Gabriel, and as the source of all Islamic Law, principles and values. Aside from the Quran and the Sunnah and Haddith (literally, a way, rule, or manner of playacting), other Islamic sources of law include Ijtihad (independent judgment) and Qiyas (analogy). The Five Pillars of Islam are dec-laration of beheb in the oneness of God and the prophethood of Muhammad and the four obligations of praying, almsgiving, fasting, and pilgrimage to Mecca at least once in ones lifetime. Marriage ?Marriage is ideally arranged by parents. Contacts between the sexes are restricted and marriageable women are kept in relative seclusion to protect their value to their family as political and economic assets. first-class honours degree and second cousins are favored spouses (with the exception of the children of brothers). A series of negotiations precedes marriage, concluding with an agreement on the amount of bride-wealth and other expenses to be paid by the boys family. In addition to arranged marriages, wives may be obtained by elopement or abduction, both common alternatives.Weddings are held in the grooms parents house immediately upon payment of bride-wealth and are officiated by an imam. Newly married couples generally reside uxorilocally for the first year, or until the birth of a child, after which they are free to join the economizes family, remain with the wifes family, or, preferably, build a new house of their own, typically close to the husbands natal community. Independent residence is the eventual ideal. Relations between husband and wife are characteristically close and enduring.Divorce is permitted but is infrequent, occurring in less than 10 percent of all marriages and, although polygamy is allowed, few men take more than one wife. Burial ?Four acts must be performed at death bathing the corpse, enshrouding it, reciting the prayer for the dead, and burial. Burial is followed by a seven-day vigil. Depending on a familys economic circ umstances, commemorative feasts may be held on the 7th, 20th, 40th, and 100th day, and on the first, second, and third anniversaries of death. Each person is believed to have four souls that leave the body at death.The body goes to hell, where the length of punishment it suffers is determined by the misdeeds and accrued religious merit of the deceased. On the fifteenth day of the month of Shaaban, one of the souls of the dead is sent back to earth here the deceased is honour with prayers and on the following day graves are cleared. Music ? heterogeneous musical instruments played solo or as an ensemble, provide the Tausug with music. Most notab-le is the kulintangan ensemble consisting of two gandang (drums), a tungallan (large gong), a duwahan (set of two-paired gongs), and the kulintangan (a graduated series of 8 to 11 small gongs).At least five players are needed to play the ensemble which is used to accompany dances or provide music during celebrations. Other popular instrument s are the gabbang (na-tive xylophone) and the biyula (native violin). With 14 to 24 keys divided into seven-note scales, the gabbang has become the most popular musical instrument in Sulu. It is used to accompany Tausug forthright music such as the sindil. The tune produced when the gabbang is played solo by a man or woman is called tahta. The biyula is similar to but larger than the western violin. It consists of four strings played by a pass on made of horsehair.Traditionally played by men, the biyula, with the gabbang, accompany the sindil (Kiefer 19702) Flute music is associated with peace and travel. It represented by the following less popular instruments the saunay (reed flute), suling (bamboo flute), and kulaing (jews harp). The saunay is essentially a six-holed slender bamboo, 1. 5 mm in diameter, capped by a sampung simud (mouthguard). A resonating chamber made of palm leaves is housed in the mouthguard. The suling is a larger version of the saunay. It is a 60-cm long ba mboo with a 2-cm diameter. Like the saunay, it has six fingerholes (Kiefer 19704).The repertoire for Tausug instrumental music in-clude the gabbang tahtah (gabbang with biyula accompaniment) the kasi-lasa, lugu, and tahtah (biyula songs) the sinug kiadtu-kari (kulintangan) the tiawag kasi (saunay music), the tahtah (suling music) and others. Kalangan or Tausug vocal music can be divided into narrative and lyric songs, and further into the lugu and the paggabang traditions. The luguh traditio-n denotes unaccompanied religious songs, while the paggabang tradition applies to more mundane songs that are accompanied by the gabbang and biyula. Dancing The most well-known dance of the Tausug is the pangalay. It is the basic style from which the move-ments of various dances in Sulu and Tawi-Tawi are derived. The pangalay is danced by either sex, alone or together, and is usually accompanied by the kulintang ensemble. The movement of the pangalay is concen-trated on the thighs, knees, ankles , toes, waist, shoulders, neck, elbows, wrists, and fingers. The torso is usually kept rigid, moving upward or downward as the flow of the dance demands. The feet is firmly planted on the ground and move in small shuffling steps (Amilbangsa 198314, 62).The pangalay dances are distinctive in their use of the janggay (metal nail extenders) to underscore hand movements. The extended fingers are stiff and set apart from the thumbs. Livelihood/ Handicraft ?Tausug visual arts are represented by carvings, metalworks, woodworks, tapestry and embroidery, mat making and basketry, textile and fashion, pottery, and other minor arts. III. GEOGRAPHY/ TERRAIN ?Mainly in the Philippines Region Jolo, Sulu Archipelago. Palawan Island, Basilan Island, Zamboanga City. 10. BADJAO I. CULTURE ?The Badjaos are itinerant travelers.Their paintings and carvings are integral to their life cycle. In wedding ceremonies, the wedding cosmetician must be sentiency at applying the special makeup on the bride and gr oom. With a razor blade tied with thread to a split bamboo twig, the cosmetician shapes the brides eyebrows into a triangle and carves tiny bangs on her forehead. Lampblack is used to outline a rectangle on her forehead and is emphasized by a yellow ginger juice. Black dots are outlined horizontally above the eyebrows and/or downstairs the eyes with the pointed end of a coconut midrib.Another beautician attends to the groom and his face is made up the same way. II. CUSTOMS/ TRADITIONS Marriage ?In wedding ceremonies, the wedding beautician must be adept at applying the special makeup on the bride and groom. With a razor blade tied with thread to a split bamboo twig, the beautician shapes the brides eyebrows into a triangle and carves tiny bangs on her forehead. Lampblack is used to outline a rectangle on her forehead and is emphasized by a yellow ginger juice. Black dots are outlined horizontally above the eyebrows and/or beneath the eyes with the pointed end of a coconut midrib.A nother beautician attends to the groom and his face is made up the same way. Music ?The Badjaos have five types of songs the leleng, binoa, tenes, panulkin, and lugu. nevertheless for the last two, the lyrics are improvised and sung to a traditional tune. The leleng is sung in most occasions. Anyone can sing the leleng. Dancing ?The Badjaos dance traditions are similar with the other ethnic groups of Sulu, particularly the tribes in Samal. The basic traditional dance movement is the igal or pangalay performed by the female.The dancers hair is preferably pulled back in a bun, although it may also be allowed to hang loose. Either a drum or a gabbang accompanies the dance. Dressing ?The traditional attire of the Badjao consists of either everyday wear or elaborately embroidered costumes for special occasions. The patadjung/tadjong has many uses. Among the Badjao it is large enough to fit any person and is worn by both men and women as a skirt or gown tucked at the chest level. It can serve as putung (headcover), waistband, sash, blanket, hammock, shoulder bag, cradle, pouch, hood, or pillow. Livelihood/ Handicraft ? admixture craft designs can be classified into three kinds the repousse, relief beat from the reverse side arabesque, incision of interlocking curves and filigree, tracing with thin gold, silver, or brass wires.III. GEOGRAPHY/ TERRAIN ?Sulu-Tawitawi, Siasi, Tabawan, Bonggao Sitangkai, Cagayande Tawitawi (Mapun) Basilan, Maluso, Malamawi, Bohe Lobbong Zamboanga del Sur, Rio Hondo, Batuan Lumbayaw, Taluk Sangay, Sanggali Zamboanga del Norte, Olutangga Davao City, Isla Verde, Sasa Cagayan de Oro Visayas, Cebu, Tagbilaran Palawan, Puerto Princesa Batangas.

Hilton hotels Corporate Governance Essay

Hilton Hotels and Resorts is an international chain of full service hotels and resorts and its a flagship vane of Hilton intercontinental. The original confederation was founded by Conrad Hilton and is now owned by Hilton Worldwide. Hilton hotels are owned, managed, or franchised to independent operators by Hilton Worldwide. Hilton Hotels became the first coast-to-coast hotel chain of the f each in States in 1943. As of 2013, there are now over 540 Hilton mark hotels across the world in 78 countries across six continents. The Hilton Hotels brand remains one of the companys flagship brands and one of the largest hotel brands in the world.The company places marketing emphasis on both business travel and untenanted travel with locations in major city centers, near airports, convention centers, and a number of vacation resorts and leisure-oriented hotels in popular vacation destinations rough the world. Since organism founded in 1919, Hilton Worldwide has been a leader in the hos pitality industry. Today, Hilton Worldwide remains a beacon of innovation, quality, and success. And it comprehended the importance of unified constitution and formulated very systematic corporate constitution guidelines. And I wealthy person disseminated its corporate political science in India, United States and United Kingdom. corporeal GOVERANCE AND ITS impressivenessThe system of rules, practices and processes by which a company is directed and controlled. Corporate governance essentially involves balancing the fires of the many stakeholders in a company these intromit its shareholders, management, customers, suppliers, financiers, government and the community. Since corporate governance excessively provides the frame lead for attaining a companys objectives, it encompasses practically every sphere of management, from action plans and internal controls to deed measurement and corporate disclosure. Corporate governance became a pressing write up from 2002 introductio n of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act in the U.S., which was ushered in to restore public agency in companies and markets after accounting fraud bankrupted high-profile companies such as Enron and WorldCom. intimately companies strive to go a high level of corporate governance. Thesedays, it is non enough for a company to merely be profitable it also needs to demonstrate good corporate citizenship through environmental awareness, honorable behavior and sound corporate governance practices.HILTON WORLDWIDES CORPORATE GOVERNANCEHilton Worldwide has divided its division of corporate governance into 4 major classifieds, such as guidelines, Code of strike, Ethical code, and management. These are chthonicstandably explained infra HILTON WORLDWIDE CORPORATE GUIDELINESThe Nominating Corporate Governance Committee of the come along of Directors (the mount) of Hilton Worldwide Holdings Inc. (the accompany) and the Board have developed, and the Board has adopted, these governance guidelines, w hich describe the principles and practices that the Board is expect to follow in carrying out its responsibilities. It is expected that these guidelines will be reviewed by the Governance Committee from judgment of conviction to time to ensure that they legally promote the best interests of both the Company and the Companys stockholders and that they comply with all applicable laws, regulations and the requirements of the New York Stock alternate and other national stock exchanges of its incorporation.These guidelines should be interpreted in the context of all applicable laws and the Companys Certificate of Incorporation, bylaws and other corporate governance documents (each as amended, restated and in effect). These guidelines are intended to serve as a flexible framework within which the Board may conduct its business and not as a set of legally back obligations. The Board may modify these guidelines from time to time. It provides guidelines on Board roles and responsibiliti esBoard composition, structure, policiesBoard meetingsExceptions of DirectorsManagement succession planEvaluation of board mathematical processBoard compositionCommunication with non-managing directorsCODE OF CONDUCTStatement of polityThe reputation of Hilton and each of our Hotels is the key to our past, present and future success. Every aggroup Member is personally responsible to act with integrity to enhance Hiltons reputation as well as to maintain a sexually attractive work environment. Integrity means doing whats right, all the time, and encouraging those around us to do the same. In some instances, the Code of Conduct contains rules that must(prenominal) be strictly observed, and in other instances it provides general guidelines. In all instances, compliance with the Code of Conduct is required. We expect Team Members to uphold the highest standards of estimable conduct in every action taken on Hiltons behalf. Team Members must not only avoid improper activities, yet a lso activities that create the appearance of impropriety.This Code of Conduct provides guidance approximately how Hilton and Team Members must work together to achieve the highest ethical standards in the hospitality business. This Code of Conduct is applicable to all employees of Hilton Worldwide, Inc. and its subsidiaries and to the employees of all hotels owned, operated or managed by Hilton Worldwide , whether or not they are employed by Hilton Worldwide. The code of conduct provides policies on the followingPersonal accountabilityRespecting and valuing varietyMaintaining harassment free work forceMaintaining safe and healthy work spaceDrug and alcohol free workspaceViolence- free workspaceRestricting insufferable behaviorBusiness ethicsPersonal investment of employeesPolicies for conflict of interestPersonal information privacy policy of employees, customers, etc. Family members and relationship outdoors business and employmentReportable interestsFinancial obligationBusiness courtesiesProprietary, cloak-and-dagger and trade secretsMaintaining global corporate citizenshipThese are crucial aspects covered in code of conduct of Hilton worldwide.PRIME FEATURES OF INDIAN, UK, US CORPORATE GOVERNANCEAn effective board to provide leading A single board with members collectively responsible for the semipermanent success of the company. A clear division of responsibilities for streamlet the board and running the company with a separate chairman and antique executive. An appropriate balance of skills, experience and independence on the board and its committees. lump and transparent procedures for appointing directors, with all appointments and re-appointments to be ratified by shareholders. Regular paygrade of the effectiveness of the board, its committees and individual directors.AccountabilityThe board must present a balanced assessment of the companys position. The board must consider the nature and extent of the significant stakes it is willing to take, and oversee sound risk management and internal control systems. nut and transparent procedures for carrying out these responsibilities, including an study committee make up of independent directors and with the necessary experience. RemunerationFormal and transparent procedures for setting executive remuneration, including a remuneration committee made up of independent directors and an advisory vote for shareholders. A significant affinity of remuneration to be linked to performance conditions designed to promote the long-term success of the company.Relations with shareholdersRegular contact with shareholders to understand their opinions and concerns. Separate resolutions on all substantial issues at general meetings. Shareholders to monitor and engage with the companies in which they invest.Insider trading law in USSection 17(a) of the Securities Act,1933 prohibits fraudulent practices with the vortex or sale of any security SEC Rule 14e-3, under Section 14(e) of the Ex change Act and Insider Trading Act, 1984 (ITSA) permits the SEC to bring check against anyone violating the Exchange Act by trading a security plot of land in possession of material nonpublic information. ITSA provides for penalties of up to three quantify the profits gained or loss avoided by the insider trading and authorizes a fell penalty for insider trading of up to $100,000.Last few years have been significant strengthening of corporate governance in India. Hilton worldwide is listed in Indian stock exchange regulators and it adopts the guidelines of SEBI and MCA in India. Key aspects are mentioned belowShare Holding patternCommittee of corporate governance periodic corporate governance reportCONCLUSIONSince the Wall Street dispel in 1929 and recent Lehman Brothers scandal, with every corporate scandal, corporate governance in corporate world is getting better. And the field of corporate governance has attracted immense attention and enhancements in almost all facets. Hi lton Worldwide is maintaining its market leadership with a well-structured corporate governance policies and practices. As Hiltons business based on hospitality, its very crucial tosatisfy its stakeholders and corporate governance plays a crucial part in doing so.

The Person I Admire The Most

Among the teachers who have taught me through my civilise life, Mr.Huyyt is the peerless that I most admire. He was the position teacher of mine during my school life at CWPPS. In contrast to some teachers apathy, his vitality eternally refreshed the atmosphere in our separateroom. Moreover, his enthusiasm and thoughtfulness still change my heart to this day. crowd together Huyyt won everyones spelling completion soon after he began teaching us. As he was not the first English teacher of us, everyone had a skeptical eye on him in his first class. sensing our doubts, he began the class with a guessing-people game. he asked us to write roughly our characteristics on a small piece of paper, which afterwards was read to the class for us to identify the person. We had great fun that day due to his ingeniousness to grasp what we wanted. Afterwards, the contempt students used to hold in him was nowhere to be seen.The energy and passion James possessed when teaching was unbelievable . With to a greater extent and more days he spent with us, I noticed a classifiable quality of his that truly amazed me. No matter what the weather was kindred and how he was feeling, he was always in high spirits when he entered the classroom, as if he was ecstatic to see us. Besides, he encouraged us to interact with him therefore, the class was by no means serious and tense, exclusively very enjoyable and inspiring.James used clever techniques to arouse our interest in learning English. Quizzes are the indispensable element of a class, but James added them with his own illustrations to make them more fascinating. He also printed many handouts, ornament with him amusing drawings, to provide the information missing in the textbook for us. In short, he had the magic to transform something painstaking into pleasure. Furthermore lots of English songs were introduced to us in his class.

Anne Frank Book Summary Essay

Ive just finished reading The Diary of a teenaged Girl, by Anne outspoken. Anne Franks diary was begun on June 14th, 1942 and her run ledger entry was on alarming 1st, 1944. Her diary was mostly near the Holocaust, when her family went into hiding. Annes family include herself, her sister (Margot Frank), her mother (Edith Frank), and her father (Otto Frank). This story was set in Prinsengracht, Amsterdam. I chose to read this book because stories that relate to war, really interest me.It all started on Annes thirteenth birth, when she received a diary from her parents. She was really steamy because she wanted someone or something, she could tell her plans to. Even though Anne had a rich social life, she felt as if people didnt survive the real her. She began writing about daily events, school, boys, etc. Within a month, her entire life miscellanead.More and more(prenominal) Jewish people were get captured and receiving call ups. Call ups mean to surrender now and go to i mmersion camp. The family decided to go into hiding. They moved into a little section of Annes fathers office building that was walled off and hidden piece of ass a singing bookcase. It was called the Secret Annex.For 2 years, the Frank family lived in the Secret Annex. Mr. and Mrs. van Daan and their son Peter (a little sure-enough(a) than Anne) were likewise hiding with them. Later, Mr. Dussel, an elderly dentist, moved in and Anne had to share a room with him. Annes whole life now revolved near getting used to hearing gunshots and bombs. She started drifting away from her family because she spent more time studying and ready instead of spending time with them.Anne started to transform as she began to spend time with Peter van Daan. Around that time, she started having dreams about a bout she was in love with, another Peter, Peter Schiff. She perpetuallymore came to see Peter (of the Annex) more than she used to. Before, Anne thought he was an obnoxious, hypersensitized a nd a lazy guy, but he turned out to be sensitive and caring. Eventually their relationship changed, and they became more than friends.Another big change for Anne happened, when the war was beginning to end. She heard on the radio that personal accounts such(prenominal) as her diary will be in demand afterward the war ends. She than started editing her diary with excitement Unfortunately that didnt last long. Anne started becoming more sensitive to the world around her. She felt wholly alone. She felt constantly criticized and there was no escape. At one point, Anne thought it mightve been demote if she and her family had all died instead of hiding in the Annex. Things got a lot harder on Anne. The secret Annex was raided.On the morning of August 4th, 1994, they arrested all of the people in hiding. They were first brought to a prison in Amsterdam and then transferred to Westerbork, the transit camp for Jewish people in north of Holland. They were deported on September 3rd, 1944, in the last transport to apply Westerbork, and they arrived three days later in Auschwitz (Poland).Mr. van Daan (Hermann van Pels) was gassed to final stage in Auschwitz in October or November 1944. Mrs. van Daan (Auguste van Pels) died at and a realm(p) concentration camp. Peter van Daan (Peter van Pels) was forced to take part in the death march from Auschwitz to Mauthausen (Austria), where he died on May 5th, 1945, rectify before the camp started. Albert Dussel (Fritz Pfeffer) died on December 20th, 1944, in the Neuengamme concentration camp. Edith Frank died in Auschwitz-Birkenau on January 6th, 1945, from hunger and exhaustion. Margot and Anne Frank had gotten typhus, caused by one of two types of bacteria Rickettsia typhi or Rickettsia prowazekii, and their bodies were dumped in the Bergen-Belsens (concentration camp) mass graves. The only fillet of sole survivor was Otto Frank. He was the one who published Annes diary. The thing is, to this day, no one knows who exposed t hem.Every time I read this book, it gets better every single time. It also leaves me crying about ten minutes. It also makes me realize how lucky and blessed I am. Anne was such a undaunted girl, I could never imagine being in her position. I hit this book ten out of then, it was one the best books Ive ever read. I definitely recommend everyone to read The Diary of a offspring Girl.

Is our Generation More Stressed than the Previous Ones?

Nowadays, stress is becoming a common problem. Our younger generation thinks that fresh animateness is generally much more stressful than in the late(prenominal). However, others produce that the amount of stress people suck up nowadays is overstated as older generations coped with more pressure, but they never thought about much(prenominal) a phenomenon as stress. This contradiction makes many people equation the negative aspects of stress to society today and in the past.On the one hand, the precedent generations experienced great stress because of poor living conditions, food famine and numerous wars, which were taking away millions of peoples lives. Moreover, they did not have such helpful technologies, which make the life of a modern someone easier. Besides, without an advanced medical system many people died of simple illnesses and diseases because thither were no necessary medicines and vaccines. That is why life expectancy in the past was much lower than it is now. On the other hand, because of the increasing pace of life today people argon always in a chronic rush, which causes various mental and physical health problems, such as backache, depression, fatigue, headaches, broad(prenominal) family pressure, and insomnia. What is more, almost everybody in our modern society is sweating to achieve high standard of living, therefore, people have to spend long hour at work. As a result, they feel overworked and burn out, and profoundly have fourth dimension to relax and escape from everyday routine, which leads them to losing their balance between work and personalised life.Furthermore, there is no doubt that several decades ago, the environment was much kick downstairs than today with fresh water, air and food, whereas today we face air, water and echo pollution, which of course contribute to the symptoms of stress. In addition, nowadays, the majority of people lives in largish and overcrowded cities and suffer from such common city pro blems as standstill relations congestions, unemployment, high crime rate and high cost of living.The unemployment rate is always increasing hence, the number of job-seeker is growing, which leads to the increasing competitiveness in job opportunities. In my opinion, each generation suffers from stress the difference is in the attitude to it. To my mind, today time is more compressed than ever and because of the speedy pace of life and everyday overload, people feel exhausted as human beings are not designed for a prolonged, high-speed activity.However, we have to admit that in a certain sense our ancestors had their own reasons of stress, which should not be netherestimated. To congeries up, stress has been felt by all generations in their lives. It is really hard to compare either modern generation, or the previous one is under more stress that the other one, because each generation has its own problems. tidy sum would better concentrate on reducing the number of stress and try to make future living conditions more favorable.

Body Image Outline Essay

Introduction1. Beauty. It poses the age old question, is beauty in the eye of the perceiver or is beauty only skin deep? a. Where does the obsession to be beautiful come from?b. We are all taught at such an betimes age that looks do non matter, yet we live in a society that seems to contradict this very idea. c. Magazines, reality shows, billboards they all promote a certain body image as being beautiful, and it is a utter or so cry from the average womans size 12. i. (FIRST SLIDE)Read to a greater extentHow to write an informative essay outlined. Body image is a pressing issue that plagues all men and women alike.2. The obsession of numerous youthfulness girls and guys over their body image has led to an increasing number of peck who have developed an eating disorder to try to deal with their removeiness of self-esteem or other related problems. a. According to an article in Psychology Today, the most common of these eating disorders include Anorexia Nervosa, Bulimia Nervos a, ingurgitate Eating, and Muscle Dysmorphia.3. In a recent survey of 185 students on a college campus with the Nutrition Journal, 58% felt pressure to be a certain weight, and of the 83% that hardcore dieted for weight loss, over half of them were already at a normal weight pre dieting. a. It was to a fault put down done the ANAD Foundation that eating disorders are recorded to be the 3rd most chronic illness of young adults.Body(SECOND SLIDE)1. The medias use of airbrushing is one and only(a) of the major causes of these impossible standards of beauty. a. Leah Hardy, a former editor of Cosmopolitan, admitted that this is true many of stick-thin models in Cosmo were actually struggling with eating disorders, but were airbrushed to look slight unwell. b. In an interview with the Daily Mail, Hardy stated that the models had 22-inch waits, but they also had breasts and great skin. They had teeny tiny ankles and thin thighs, but they still had palatable hair and full cheeks. Tha nks to retouching, our readers never saw the horrible,hungry downside of skinny. The models osteal bodies, dull, thinning hair, spots and dark circles under their eyes were magically erased outdoor(a) by technology a vision of perfection that simply did not exist. c. By airbrushing these models, the media gives young girls the idea that this body image is attainableand by trying to look like these models, these girls become just as un effectual. 2. Although media plays a huge role in holding such high standards for beauty, it is recorded that pressure from friends and family tend to out rank the media and start at a very early age. i. (THIRD SLIDE)b. Eating disorders can be triggered by omit of support following traumatic events such as bereavement, kind problems, and abuse, accord to the Journal of Clinical Nursing. c. Family relationships are complex and central to the development of a childs sense of self. d. According to a study from the University of Florida titled, besid es Fat to Be a Princess? nearly 50% of all children time-honored from three to six were already concerned about their weight. e. Criticism and minx from parents, siblings, and peers shape how young children perceive their bodies. f. Experts say the children who develop eating disorders are mostly girls who are often following examples set by their most favorable role models their mothers. 3. Along with pressure from ones family and friends, thither are several mental factors that contribute to eating disorders. a. Among some of these psychological factors includei. Depression, anxiety, feelings of inadequacy, and low self-esteem. b. Many studies have been done on the relationship between these psychological behaviors and eating disorders all have concluded through various measures that there is a strong relation between the two. c. in like manner often, the result of an inadequate self results in the distortion of eating.Conclusion1. In conclusion, the unrealistic standard of be auty that men and women are bombarded with everyday gives them a goal that is nearly impossible to reach, and the effects are devastating. 2. Theses impossible standards need to be stopped, and society instead needs to promote a healthy body imagealong with the idea that men and women of all shapes and sizes are beautifulnot just those who are size 2.